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Fotos / Sonidos

Qué

Agama Africana de Cabeza Roja (Agama picticauda)

Observ.

ernesthwilliams

Fecha

Marzo 10, 2024 a las 04:51 TARDE EDT

Descripción

SPECIES: African Redhead Agama, Agama picticauda Peters, 1877[1]
SPECIMEN: 1 female
OTHER NAMES: Peter’s Rock Agama Lizard, Rainbow Lizard
DISTINGUISHING: Females brownish gray with light green spots and short stripes on their head and neck, often with a light band on the back of the thigh that extends onto the tail. Scales are keeled (ridged and tapering to a pointed tip), strongly on tail, legs, and center line of back. Head blocky, thin toes with claws, and long heavy tails. Females with eggs have yellow or orange patches on their body.
DATE, TIME: 10 March 2024, 4:51 PM
LOCALITY: Parking lot at front door, Mel’s Dinner at Collier Blvd, Golden Gate, Florida USA
LATITUDE, LONGITUDE: 26.18996, -81.68755
DISTRIBUTION: Native to West Africa, pet introductions elsewhere and established in south Florida. EDDMapS (2023) list records almost all over Florida, except most of the panhandle and the Keys. Also, lists the extreme SE corner of Georgia. With spot records in north central and most eastern part of Georgia, the southern tip of South Carolina, and the NE shore of Mobile Bay. The iNaturalist (2023) records suggest the Agama has spread throughout the Florida Keys and possibly to Texas and the Bahamas (Table 1). We have previously seen 2 other specimens in the Naples area but could not photograph them. Two of our previous iNaturalist records are detailed below.[8]
REPORTED TO: Report Invasive Animals and Plants in Florida, EDDMapS https://www.eddmaps.org/florida/report/
OBSERVERS: Dr. Ernest H. Williams, Jr.[2,3,5,6] and Dr. Lucy Bunkley-Williams[2,4,5,7]
REFERENCES:
<>EDDMapS. 2023. Early Detection & Distribution Mapping System. The University of Georgia – Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health. Available online at http://www.eddmaps.org/; last accessed 18 May 2023.
<>ENNDS. 2023. Africa Redheaded Agama. Ending Non-Native Destructive Species, https://ennds.org/african-redhead-agama/
<>Williams, E. H., Jr. and L. Bunkley-Williams. 2023. The invasive African Redheaded Agama, Agama picticauda Peters, has spread throughout the Florida Keys and possibly to Texas and the Bahamas. iNaturalist #62494479, 19 May 2023 (open access), [843] ResearchGate.
<>Williams, E. H., Jr. and L. Bunkley-Williams. 2023. Increasing abundance evidenced by a female of the invasive African Redheaded Agama, Agama picticauda Peters, found near where 2 males occurred in southwest Florida. iNaturalist #???, 19 May 2023 (open access), [931] ResearchGate.

Fotos / Sonidos

Qué

Arañas de Telas Orbiculares (Familia Araneidae)

Observ.

ernesthwilliams

Fecha

Marzo 3, 2024 a las 11:00 MAÑANA EST

Descripción

NUMBER: 20240303
SPECIES: Florida Orchard Orbweaver, Leucauge sp. unnamed, undescribed
SPECIES OR SYNONYMS:
Argyra Orchard Orbweaver, Leucauge argyra (Walckenaer, 1841)(?)
Darwin’s Orchard Orbweaver,[1] Leucauge cf argyrobapta (unnamed)(?)
Mabel’s Orchard Orbweaver, Leucauge argyrobapta (White, 1841)(?)
Orchard Orbweaver, Leucauge venusta (Walckenaer 1841)(?)
may also, represent 3 other cryptic species with unknown ranges (Ballesteros and Hormiga, 2018).
DISTINGUISHING: Front 2 pair of legs much longer than back 2 pair. Other characters overlap. Five genetic species.
TYPE SPECIES: For the genus should be Darwin’s species in Brazil, not in Florida, as some suggest.
LOCALITY: 920 St. Andrews, Naples, Florida 34113 USA
LATITUDE, LONGITUDE: 26.107247, -81.715189
DATE, TIME: 3 March 2024, 11 AM
DISTRIBUTION(?): Leucauge argyra occurs in Florida (SpiderID, 2024). Argyra Orchard Orbweaver is known from southern Canada, down the eastern and central USA, to Colombia. Oddly, also in South Asia (Wikipedia). Extreme SE Canada to Brazil (Encyclopedia of Life, 2018). Ballesteros and Hormiga (2018) state it only occurs in extreme southeast Canada and eastern and central USA, excluding Florida. They further state Mabel Orchard Orbweaver occurs in Florida and 3 cryptic species occur down to Brazil with unclear ranges.
OUTBREAK: Thousands of spiders and webs have been present for the last week. Everywhere in bushes and high grasses. None were noticed before. A single spider occurred in each web. Hundreds were removed from a wall without controlling them (Fig. 3). Small-scale outbreaks sometimes occur (Williams and Bunkley-Williams, 2021), but not multi-acre events.
IMPORTANCE: Largest outbreak reported; New Species; taxonomic confusion.
OBSERVERS: Dr. Ernest H. Williams, Jr.,[4,5,7,8] and Dr. Lucy Bunkley-Williams[4,6,7,9]
REFERENCES:
<>Ballesteros, J. A. and G. Hormiga. 2018. Species delimitation of the North American orchard-spider Leucauge venusta (Walckenaer 1841) (Araneae, Tetragnathidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 121: 183–197. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/IN1243
<>Encyclopedia of Life. 2018. Leucauge venusta map (with "Clusters" unchecked). http://eol.org/pages/1193301/maps
<>SpiderID. 2024. Leucauge venusta (Orchard Orb-weaver). https://spiderid.com/spider/tetragnathidae/leucauge/venusta/#google_vignette
<>Williams, E. H., Jr. and L. Bunkley-Williams. 2021. A mass outbreak of Florida Orchard Orbweavers, Leucauge cf. argyrobapta (undesignated new species?), in the Naples Botanical Garden. Research Quality Report, iNaturalist #73069374, 5 April 2021 (open access) [554]
<>Williams, E. H., Jr. and L. Bunkley-Williams. 2024. A Super Outbreak of Florida Orchard Orbweavers, Leucauge cf. argyrobapta (undesignated new species?), around Lely Palms, Naples, Florida. Research Quality Report, iNaturalist #181996055, 4 March (open access) [929] ResearchGate
FOOTNOTES:
[1]Identification was peer-reviewed, text edited and sometimes condensed. The entire, original text is in our available reprint 929. [2]Extraordinary Professors, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, South Africa; Adjunct Professors, Research Field Station, Florida Gulf Coast University, 5164 Bonita Beach Road, Bonita Springs, FL 34134; [3]Dept. Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico (retired); [4]Dept. Biology, UPR (retired); [5]920 St. Andrews Blvd, Naples, FL 34113-8943; [6]e-mail ermest.williams1@upr.edu; ORCID 0000-0003-0913-3013; [7]e-mail lucy.williams1@upr.edu, ORCID 0000-0003-1390-911x.

Figures 1 & 2. Argyra Orchard Orbweavers in webs
Figure 3. Four spiders and webs
Figure 4. Argyra Orchard Orbweaver in web

Fotos / Sonidos

Qué

Culebra de Collar (Diadophis punctatus)

Observ.

ernesthwilliams

Fecha

Julio 14, 2023 a las 03:25 TARDE EDT

Descripción

NUMBER: 20230714
SPECIES: Ring-necked Snake, Diadophis punctata (Linnaus, 1766)
OTHER NAMES: ringneck snake
SUBSPECIES: Southern Ringneck Snake, Diadophis punctata punctata (Linnaeus, 1766)[1]
DISTINGUISHING: Most adult Ring-necked Snakes are about 21-36 cm (8-14 in) in total length. Small and slender with a black or slate gray body and yellowish ring across the neck, often incomplete or missing. The belly and underside of the tail are bright yellow, orange, or red.
DATE: 14 July 2023
COLLECTION: hand captured, photographed, and quickly released.
LOCALITY: 920 St. Andrews Blvd, Lely Palms, Naples, FL 34113
LATITUDE, LONGITUDE: 26.107026, -81.715290
DISTRIBUTION: throughout mainland Florida and the Florida Keys
SIMILAR SUBSPECIES: Florida Redbelly Snake, Storeria occipitomaculata obscura (Trapido, 1944); and Northern Ringneck Snake, Diadophis punctatus edwardsii (Merrem, 1820) have no markings on the belly; Key Ringneck Snake, Diadophis punctatus acricus Paulson, 1966, has no distinct neck ring and larger half-moon markings on the belly.
REMARKS: Individuals from the Florida Keys lack a distinct collar (Johnson, 2020); however, 2 individuals reported in iNaturalist had distinct ones.

Table 1. Key Ringneck Snakes with distinct neck rings
iNaturalist # Date Locality Latitude Longitude Ring

102188859 Nov 2021 Key West 24.558043 -81.702096 incomplete
104849680 Jan 2022 Key West 24.515084 -81.784421 complete

OBSERVERS: Dr. Ernest H. Williams, Jr.,[2,3,5,6] and Dr. Lucy Bunkley-Williams[2,4,5,7]
REFERENCES:
<>Johnson, S. A. 2020. Ring-necked Snake, Diadophis punctata. Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida. https://ufwildlife.ifas.ufl.edu/snakes/ringneckedsnake.shtml
<>Williams, E. H., Jr. and L. Bunkley-Williams. 2023. Two Key Ringneck Snakes, Diadophis punctatus acricus Paulson, with distinct rings. iNaturalist #172695125, 13 July 2023 (open access), ResearchGate [858].
FOOTNOTES:
[1]Identification was peer-reviewed, text edited and sometimes condensed. The original text is in our reprint #858 and ResearchBase. [2]Extraordinary Professors, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, South Africa; Adjunct Professors, Research Field Station, Florida Gulf Coast University, 5164 Bonita Beach Road, Bonita Springs, FL 34134; [3]Dept. Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico (retired); [4]Dept. Biology, UPR (retired); [5]920 St. Andrews Blvd, Naples, FL 34113-8943; [6]e-mail ermest.williams1@upr.edu; ORCID 0000-0003-0913-3013; [7]e-mail lucy.williams1@upr.edu, ORCID 0000-0003-1390-911x

Fotos / Sonidos

Qué

Cochinilla Parásita de Pez (Rocinela signata)

Observ.

ernesthwilliams

Fecha

Julio 6, 2023 a las 09:44 MAÑANA EDT

Descripción

SPECIES: Monogram Isopod,[1] Rocinella signata Schioedte and Meinert, 1879[2]
DATE, TIME: 6 July 2023, 9:44 AM
LOCALITY: Dry Tortogas, Florida USA
LATITUDE, LONGITUDE: 24.628397, -82.872851
REMARKS: Since oridgen10 iNaturalist #171482926 did not identify or report this isopod, we will do so from the photograph.
NEW HOST: Neon Goby,[3] Elacatinus oceanops Jordan, 1904[2]
NEW ATTACHMENT POSITION: The Monogram Isopod usually attaches in the gills of medium-sized to large fishes. Rarely, it attaches externally and even more rarely on small fishes. The upper lobe of the caudal fin is a new location.
DAMAGE: Sometimes harms aquaculture fishes. They rarely bite and try to feed off humans. We have seen 3 cases (unpubl. data). In one occasion off Colombia they attacked scuba divers in a mass swarm (Garzon-Ferreira, 1990). iNaturalist #115654586, dylancreatures, Historic Virginia Key Beach Park, Miami, FL, US; Lat, Long: 25.734559, -80.156863. Bit and chased by a Monogram Isopod (Fig. 2).
IMPORTANCE: New Host, New Locality, and New Attachment Position Records for the Monogram Isopod. Attack humans.
OBSERVERS: Dr. Ernest H. Williams, Jr.,[4,5,7,8] and Dr. Lucy Bunkley-Williams[4,6,7,9]
REFERENCES:
<>Bunkley-Williams, L. and E. H. Williams, Jr. 1998. Isopods associated with fishes: a synopsis and corrections. Journal of Parasitology 84: 893-896.
<>Bunkley-Williams L., E. H. Williams, Jr. and A. K. M. Bashirullah. 2006. Isopods (Isopoda: Aegidae, Cymothoidae, Gnathiidae) associated with Venezuelan marine fishes (Elasmobranchii, Actinopterygii). 54: 175-188.
<>Garzon-Ferreira, J. (1990): An isopod, Rocinela signata (Crustacea: Isopoda: Aegidae), that attacks humans. Bulletin of Marine Sciences 46: 813-815.
<>Williams, E. H., Jr., L. Bunkley-Williams, and M. J. Dowgiallo. 2009. Consistent attachment by the Monogram Isopod, Rocinela signata (Isopoda: Aegidae)on the Bluestriped Grunt, Haemulon sciurus at Carrie Bow Cay, Belize and a Host List. Caribbean Coral Reef Ecosystems, National Museum of Natural History, CCRE Reports, 31-32.
<>Williams, E. H., Jr. and L. Bunkley-Williams. 2024a. Goby Copepod (New Common Name), Pharodes tortugenus Wilson, reproducing in a public aquarium, relatively host-specific to gobies, and New Host on Neon Gobies, Elacatinus oceanops Jordan, at the Mote Marine Lab Aquarium. Research Quality Report, iNaturalist #200402799, 23 February (open access) [926] ResearchGate
<>Williams, E. H., Jr. and L. Bunkley-Williams. 2024b. New Host, Locality, and Attachment Position for Monogram Isopod, Rocinella signata Schioedte and Meinert, 1879, that attacks humans, and with common name accepted. Research Quality Report, iNaturalist #???, 28 February (open access) [928] ResearchGate.
FOOTNOTES:
[1]Our Common Name refers to the “M” on its tail. Seems to have generally been accepted. [2]Identification was peer-reviewed, text edited and sometimes condensed. The entire, original text is in our available reprint 928. [3]Confusingly, “Neon Goby” is a species and “neon gobies” represent a genus (Pharodes). [4]Extraordinary Professors, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, South Africa; Adjunct Professors, Research Field Station, Florida Gulf Coast University, 5164 Bonita Beach Road, Bonita Springs, FL 34134; [5]Dept. Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico (retired); [6]Dept. Biology, UPR (retired); [7]920 St. Andrews Blvd, Naples, FL 34113-8943; [8]e-mail ermest.williams1@upr.edu; ORCID 0000-0003-0913-3013; [9]e-mail lucy.williams1@upr.edu, ORCID 0000-0003-1390-911x.
Figure 1. Monogram Isopod on upper lobe of caudal fin of Neon Goby.
Figure 2. Monogram Isopod on human skin; note “W” shape monogram on tail.

Fotos / Sonidos

Observ.

ernesthwilliams

Fecha

Noviembre 1, 2022

Descripción

SPECIES: Goby Copepod, Pharodes tortugensis Wilson, 1935
SPECIMENS: Table 1
DATES: Table 1
LOCALITIES: Table 1
LATITUDES, LONGITUDES: Table 1
KNOWN DISTRIBUTION: southern Gulf of Mexico and northern Caribbean

Table 1. Frillfin Goby with Goby Copepod mostly in iNaturalist
Country Locality Latitude, Longitude Date Data Reference

USA Dry Tortugas, FL 24.67, 81.58 - - - H,S,D,P USNM 59767
USA Georgia 31.266195, -81.299608 00/11/22 R,1 iN 142098487
México Champotón 19.62077, -90.686058 12/06/22 L,R,2 iN 121531866
USA Bay County, FL 30.123411, -85.732385 10/09/23 L,R,3 iN 197978775
Brazil Praia de Setiba -20.63885, -40.431073 27/01/24 L,C,4 iN 197723173
Brazil Itanhaém -24.188742, -46.789918 02/01/24 L,C,R,5 iN 195617834
Brazil Matinhos -25.84993, -48.536705 01/01/24 L,C,6 iN 195508356
Brazil N. São do Ó -8.509262, -35.000275 30/01/23 L,C,R,7 iN 147725418
USA Bahia Honda Key, FL 24.66527, -81.254028 04/08/22 L,R,8 iN 129616419
1-8=figures, C=New Country Record, D=drawing, H=Holotype, L=left gill chamber expanded, iN=iNaturaist, P=photographs, R=right gill chamber expanded, S=specimens, USNM=U. S. National Museum (also Wilson, 1935)

HOST: Frillfin Goby, Bathygobius soporator (Valenciennes, 1837)
EXPERIENCE: This copepod occurred commonly on neon gobies in Puerto Rico (EHW & LBW unpub. data). The authors collected and surveyed many hundreds of specimens (USNM, 2024, our depositions). They also submitted a paper concerning this copepod, but never completed revision for publication (EHW unpub. data).
HOST/PARASITE RELATIONSHIP: The Frillfin Goby previously seemed a rare or accidental host, since it was only reported once. Even though, technically, it was the parasite species Type Host. Our 8 widespread records on this fish suggest it is a normal host for this parasite.
IMPORTANCE: iNaturalist records from Brazil (New Country Record) extend the known record from the northern Caribbean down South America into Brazil. Frillfin Goby is a normal host for this parasite.
OBSERVERS: Dr. Ernest H. Williams, Jr.,[4,5,7,8] and Dr. Lucy Bunkley-Williams[4,6,7,9]
REFERENCES:
<>Forrester, G. E. and R. J. Finley. 2022. Host-parasite interactions between a copepod (Pharodes tortugensis) and small reef-associated gobies (Coryphopterus) in the British Virgin Islands. Zoological Studies 61: 32e. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9638048/
<>Ho, J.-S. 1971. Pharodes Wilson, 1935, a genus of cyclopoid copepods (Pharodidae) parasitic on marine fishes. Journal of Natural History 5: 349–359. doi:10.1080/00222937100770261.
<>NMNH. 2024. National Museum of Natural History: Invertebrate Zoology Collections. Available at: https://collections.nmnh. si.edu.
<>Williams, E. H., Jr. and L. Bunkley-Williams. 2024a. Goby Copepod (New Common Name), Pharodes tortugenus Wilson, reproducing in a public aquarium, relatively host-specific to gobies, and New Host on Neon Gobies, Elacatinus oceanops Jordan, at the Mote Marine Lab Aquarium. Research Quality Report, iNaturalist #200402799, 23 February (open access) [926] ResearchGate
<>Williams, E. H., Jr. and L. Bunkley-Williams. 2024b. Goby Copepod, Pharodes tortugensis Wilson, 1935, records from Brazil represent a New Country Record, extend the range from the northern Caribbean down South America into Brazil, and show Frillfin Goby Bathygobius soporator (Valenciennes) is a normal host. Research Quality Report, iNaturalist #???, 27 February (open access) [927] ResearchGate
<>Wilson, C. B. 1935. Parasitic copepods from the Dry Tortugas. Papers of the Tortugas Laboratory 29(12): 329-347, pls. 1-6. (Publications of the Carnegie Institution of Washington 452). (9-xii-1935).
FOOTNOTES:
[1]Suggested New Common Name. [2]Identification was peer-reviewed, text edited and sometimes condensed. The entire, original text is in our available reprint 926. [3]Confusingly, “Neon Goby” is a species and “neon gobies” represent a genus (Pharodes). [4]Extraordinary Professors, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, South Africa; Adjunct Professors, Research Field Station, Florida Gulf Coast University, 5164 Bonita Beach Road, Bonita Springs, FL 34134; [5]Dept. Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico (retired); [6]Dept. Biology, UPR (retired); [7]920 St. Andrews Blvd, Naples, FL 34113-8943; [8]e-mail ermest.williams1@upr.edu; ORCID 0000-0003-0913-3013; [9]e-mail lucy.williams1@upr.edu, ORCID 0000-0003-1390-911x.

Figure 1. Frillfin Goby with right gill chamber expanded by presence of Goby Copepod. Budges caused by copepods. Copepods visible through translucent gill cover (operculum).
Figure 2. Frillfin Goby with both gill chambers expanded by presence of Goby Copepods. Parts of copepods visible through gill cover (operculum).
Figure 3. Frillfin Goby with both gill chambers expanded by presence of Goby Copepod. iNaturalist 19798775. Parts of copepods visible through gill cover (operculum).
Figure 4. Frillfin Goby with left gill chamber expanded by presence of Goby Copepod.

Figure 5. Frillfin Goby with both gill chambers expanded by presence of Goby Copepod.
Figure 6. Frillfin Goby with left gill chamber expanded by presence of Goby Copepod.

Figure 7. Frillfin Goby with both gill chambers expanded by presence of Goby Copepod. Looks like a Jawfish to right.
Figure 8. Frillfin Goby with both gill chambers expanded by presence of Goby Copepod.

Fotos / Sonidos

Observ.

ernesthwilliams

Fecha

Febrero 10, 2024 a las 11:00 MAÑANA EST

Descripción

NUMBER: 20240210
SPECIES: Goby Copepod,[1] Pharodes tortugensis Wilson, 1935[2]
SPECIMENS: 15 Neon Gobies all infected, 1 with copepods in both gill chambers
DATE, TIME: 10 February 2024, 11 AM
LOCALITY: Mote Marine Laboratory and Aquarium
LATITUDE, LONGITUDE: 27.33313, 82.57745
DISTRIBUTION: southern Gulf of Mexico and northern Caribbean
NEW HOST: Neon Goby,[3] Elacatinus oceanops Jordan, 1904[1]
USE: Cleaner fish, aquarium fish, clean off fish parasites in home and public aquaria. Ironic that here they are introducing parasites.
SIMILAR SPECIES: Four other species are in the genus, but none occur in the Western Atlantic. One also parasitizes gobies but only occurs in the Mediterranean.
EXPERIENCE: This copepod occurred commonly on neon gobies in Puerto Rico (EHW & LBW unpub. data). The authors collected and surveyed many hundreds of specimens (USNM, 2024, our depositions). They also submitted a long paper concerning this copepod, but never completed revision for publication (EHW unpub. data).
BEHAVIOR: Gobies were swimming up in the water column. Possibly due to no predators in the tank and feeding method. 100% infection does not occur in nature, indicating copepods reproduced in the aquarium. The few reports of this copepod not in a goby seem to be 1 typographical error (EHW unpubl. Data) and rare accidental parasitism. The copepod is relatively host specific to gobies. The Neon Goby is a new host record.
IMPORTANCE: The gobies were strangely swimming up in water column; the copepod reproduced in a public aquarium, is relatively host specific to gobies, and has a new host record on the Neon Goby.
OBSERVERS: Dr. Ernest H. Williams, Jr.,[4,5,7,8] and Dr. Lucy Bunkley-Williams[4,6,7,9]
REFERENCES:
<>Forrester, G. E. and R. J. Finley. 2022. Host-parasite interactions between a copepod (Pharodes tortugensis) and small reef-associated gobies (Coryphopterus) in the British Virgin Islands. Zoological Studies 61: 32e. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9638048/
<>Ho, J.-S. 1971. Pharodes Wilson, 1935, a genus of cyclopoid copepods (Pharodidae) parasitic on marine fishes. Journal of Natural History 5: 349–359. doi:10.1080/00222937100770261.
<>NMNH. 2024. National Museum of Natural History: Invertebrate Zoology Collections. Available at: https://collections.nmnh. si.edu.
<>Raibaut, A., C. Combes, and F. Benoit. 1998. Analysis of the parasitic copepod species richness among Mediterranean fish. Journal of Marine Systems 15(1-4): 185–206. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-7963(97)00079-1
<>Williams, E. H., Jr. and L. Bunkley-Williams. 2024. Goby Copepod (New Common Name), Pharodes tortugenus Wilson, reproducing in a public aquarium, relatively host-specific to gobies, and New Host on Neon Gobies, Elacatinus oceanops Jordan, at the Mote Marine Lab Aquarium. Research Quality Report, iNaturalist #???, 23 February (open access) [926]
<>Wilson, C. B. (1935). Parasitic copepods from the Dry Tortugas. Papers of the Tortugas Laboratory 29(12): 329-347, pls. 1-6. (Publications of the Carnegie Institution of Washington 452). (9-xii-1935).
FOOTNOTES:
[1]Suggested New Common Name. [2]Identification was peer-reviewed, text edited and sometimes condensed. The entire, original text is in our available reprint 926. [3]Confusingly, “Neon Goby” is a species and “neon gobies” represent a genus (Pharodes). [4]Extraordinary Professors, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, South Africa; Adjunct Professors, Research Field Station, Florida Gulf Coast University, 5164 Bonita Beach Road, Bonita Springs, FL 34134; [5]Dept. Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico (retired); [6]Dept. Biology, UPR (retired); [7]920 St. Andrews Blvd, Naples, FL 34113-8943; [8]e-mail ermest.williams1@upr.edu; ORCID 0000-0003-0913-3013; [9]e-mail lucy.williams1@upr.edu, ORCID 0000-0003-1390-911x.

Figure 1. Copepod in left gill chamber
Figure 2. Copepods in both gill chambers
Figure 3. Copepod in right gill chamber

Fotos / Sonidos

Qué

Cangrejo Topo (Emerita talpoida)

Observ.

ernesthwilliams

Fecha

Febrero 8, 2024 a las 11:00 MAÑANA EST

Descripción

NUMBER: 20240208
SPECIES: Atlantic Mole Crab, Emerita talpoida (Say, 1817)
OTHER NAMES: Sand crab, Atlantic sand crab, beach crab
COLLECTION: Quick, limited survey incidental to other investigations
DATE, TIME: 8 February 2024, 11 AM
WATER TEMPERATURE: 63°F
LOCATION: South Brohard Park, Leachs Key, Venice, Florida
LATITUDE, LONGITUDE: 27.06733, -82.44880
DISTRIBUTION: Native western Atlantic Ocean along the Canadian, USA, and Mexican shorelines.
USE: Environmental indicator, fish bait
DANGER: Do not bite or sting
Evaluation: Only 1 specimen collected in the swash zone and it seemed lethargic. Possibly indicative of an environmental problem.
SIMILAR SPECIES: Benedict Sand Crab, Emerita benedicti Schmitt, 1935, has a sympatric (overlapping) distribution and has been confused in recent collections. However, it has an acute and elongate pereopod (leg) 1 dactylus (terminal hook), unlike the Atlantic Mole Crab (Mantelatto et al., 2023).
FOSSILS: In an area famous for fossil shark teeth, we found none.
OBSERVERS: Dr. Ernest H. Williams, Jr.,[2,3,5,6] and Dr. Lucy Bunkley-Williams[2,4,5,7]
REFERENCES:
Mantelatto, F. L., J. M. Paixão, R. Robles, J. N. Teles, F. C. Balbino. 2023. Evidence using morphology, molecules, and biogeography clarifies the taxonomic status of mole crabs of the genus Emerita Scopoli, 1777 (Anomura, Hippidae) and reveals a new species from the western Atlantic. ZooKeys 1161: 169-202. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1161.99432
Williams, E. H., Jr. and L. Bunkley-Williams. 2024. Possible environmental problem on the shoreline of South Brohard Beach as indicated by rarity and lethargicness of Atlantic Mole Crab, Emertia talpoida (Say). Research Quality Report, iNaturalist #???, 22 February (open access) [923]
FOOTNOTES:
[1]Identification was peer-reviewed, text edited and sometimes condensed. The entire, original text is in our available reprint 923. [2]Extraordinary Professors, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, South Africa; Adjunct Professors, Research Field Station, Florida Gulf Coast University, 5164 Bonita Beach Road, Bonita Springs, FL 34134; [3]Dept. Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico (retired); [4]Dept. Biology, UPR (retired); [5]920 St. Andrews Blvd, Naples, FL 34113-8943; [6]e-mail ermest.williams1@upr.edu; ORCID 0000-0003-0913-3013; [7]e-mail lucy.williams1@upr.edu, ORCID 0000-0003-1390-911x.

Figure 1. Atlantic Mole Crab dorsal view. Dactylus (hook) of pereopod (leg) 1, not acute, and not elongate
Figure 2. Atlantic Mole Crab ventral view. Dactylus (hook) of pereopod (leg) 1, not acute, and not elongate

Fotos / Sonidos

Observ.

ernesthwilliams

Fecha

Julio 10, 1985

Descripción

NUMBER: 19850710
SPECIES: Arabian Cowry, Mauritia arabica (Linnaeus, 1758)
OTHER NAMES: Arab cowry, Arabian cowrie
SPECIMEN: 1, 144 mm (5.7 in) long, 80 mm wide
DATE: 10 July 1985
COLLECTION: Diver associated with the University of Maryland Campus on Okinawa collected it alive. Gave the specimen to EHW and LBW.
LOCALITY: reef off Round 1 Stadium, Ginowan, Okinawa, Japan
LATITUDE, LONGITUDE: 26.281386, 127.725494
DISTINGUISHING: Shell shape oblong or nearly elliptical; spire is mostly hidden dorsally (Fig. 1); aperture very narrow, and long; both lips with arrays of small, low, non-projecting orange teeth. The dorsal side of the shell is convex or bent, and never depressed; lateral margins calloused, mainly near posterior and anterior ends (Fig. 2); ventral (top) typically flattened, shinny, brown; dorsal to ventral shading into cream. Sometimes with densely arranged white spots, broad light transverse lines and light narrow vertical lines forming rectangles (Fig. 1).
DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific, from East and South Africa to eastern Polynesia, north to Japan, and south to New South Wales and Australia. Not in the Red Sea nor the Persian Gulf (Poutiers, 1998: 491).
SIMILAR SPECIES: The close relative, Dog-rose Cowry, Mauritia eglantina (Duchave shells that can be easily confused. It has a dark blotch near the spire, lacking in the Arabian Cowry; also, generally narrower elongate-cylindrical.
USE: Shells as collection specimens, shell craft, Chinese traditional medicine, and formerly money. Flesh for human food.
KNOWN LENGTH: Common to 80 mm (3.1 in) in length, maximum 105 mm (4.1 in) (Poutiers, 1998). Ladd (1977) reported a “unusually large” Plistocene fossil specimen 51.7 mm long.
IMPORTANCE: New Maximum Length Record and New Locality Record for Okinawa.
OBSERVERS: Dr. Ernest H. Williams, Jr.[2,3,5,6] and Dr. Lucy Bunkley-Williams[2,4,5,7]
REFERENCES:
<>Ladd, H. S. 1977. Cenozoic fossil mollusks from western Pacific islands gastropods (Eratoidae through Harpidae). Geological Survey Professional Paper 533: iv, 1-84, 23 plates.
<>Lorenz, F. 2017. Cowries. A guide to the gastropod family Cypraeidae. Volume 1, Biology and systematics. Harxheim: ConchBooks. 644 pp.
<>MolluscaBase eds. (2024). MolluscaBase. Mauritia arabica (Linnaeus, 1758). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=216872 on 2024-02-18
<>Poutiers, J. M. 1998. Gastropods Pages 363-648. In: K. E. Carpenter and V. H. Niem. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes: The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific, Volume 1. Seaweeds, corals, bivalves and gastropods. FAO, Rome.
<>Schilder, F. A., 1961. A statistical study in cowries: the size of Mauritia arabica (Linnaeus). Veliger 4: 15-17.
<>Williams, E. H., Jr. and L. Bunkley-Williams. 2024. A substantial New Length Record and a New Locality Record, Okinawa, for Arabian Cowry, Mauritia arabica (Linnaeus). Research Quality Report, iNaturalist #199959642, 20 February (open access) [925] ResearchGate
FOOTNOTES: [1]Identification was peer-reviewed, text edited and sometimes condensed. The entire, original comment is in our available reprint 925. [2]Extraordinary Professors, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, South Africa; Adjunct Professors, Research Field Station, Florida Gulf Coast University, 5164 Bonita Beach Road, Bonita Springs, FL 34134; [3]Dept. Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico (retired); [4]Dept. Biology, UPR (retired); [5]920 St. Andrews Blvd, Naples, FL 34113-8943; [6]e-mail ermest.williams1@upr.edu; ORCID 0000-0003-0913-3013; [7]e-mail lucy.williams1@upr.edu; ORCID 0000-0003-1390-911x.

Figure 1. Arabian Cowry dorsal surface
Figure 2. Arabian Cowry ventral surface
Figure 3. Arabian Cowry right surface
Figure 4. Arabian Cowry left surface

Fotos / Sonidos

Qué

Saltarina de Ala Larga Brasileña (Calpodes ethlius)

Observ.

ernesthwilliams

Fecha

Febrero 23, 2015

Descripción

NUMBER: 20150223
SPECIES: Larger Canna Leafroller, Calpodes ethlius (Stöll, 1782)
OTHER NAME: Brazilian Skipper (butterfly)
SPECIMENS: Lucy found 10 5th instar larva (caterpillars).
COLLECTION: Photographed by LBW and not removed.
DISTINGUISHING: Body of caterpillar bright bluish green with a characteristic dark triangle on frontal region of the head.
LOCALITY: 1827 Joaquin Monteagudo, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 00682
LATITUDE, LONGITUDE: 18.230714, -67.153630
DISTRIBUTION: Native to Mexico, Central America, and northern South American. Also found on the Galapagos Islands and throughout the Caribbean (MacAuslane, 2017). Reported in Point Pelee, Ontario in 1991; the first for Ontario and Canada (Daniels, 1992; Wormington, 1992, 2016). Thought to have been caused by high temperatures (Aarsteinsen, 1991). Extreme northern border of Chile (Vargas et al., 2006). Northern border of Argentinia (Box, 1927; Hayward, 1943; Köhler, 1927). Bermuda (Clausen, C. P. 1978; Waterston, 1943; Whetzel, 1922).

In the United States, well-established in Florida, Texas, and southern Arizona. Strays have been reported in other states (MacAuslane, 2017). Waifs in southern Wisconsin in July 2012 and July 2023 (Anonymous, 2024a). Howard (2024) reported recent (from 2011-2012) increases in Brazilian Skippers throughout Georgia. Sightings mostly in south Alabama and not established populations (Anonymous, 2024b). First waif in West Virginia (Dirig and Kawahara, 2004).

Country Locality Latitude, Longitude Date

Argentina[2,3] further south Punta Alta, Prov. Buenos Aires -38.889568, -62.072304 09 Mar 2021
Anta Salta -24.735944, -64.204938 23 Feb 2021
Yapeyú, Corrientes -29.464575, -56.815313 12 Nov 2023
Bermuda[2,3] established Sandys Parish 32.313285, -64.845102 29 Aug 2021
Paget Marsh 32.28499, -64.776626 11 Feb 2013
St. George’s Marsh 32.384177, -64.682268 03 Jan 2022
Uruguay San Javier, Dept. Río Negro -32.528986, -58.03808 26 Dec 2023
USA4 --- --- ---
Alabama[2] Balwin County 30.419476, -87.830928 18 Oct 2018
Marion 32.607702, -87.331954 09 Aug 2021
Old Gadsden Hwy, Anniston 33.702738, -85.856225 03 Jul 2021
Arkansas[5] Elizabeth Ct, Barling 35.334954, -94.297112 13 Sep 2015
Saline County 34.638473, -92.849978 08 Oct 2018
Delaware[5] Sandalwood Dr, Rehoboth Beach 38.720763, -75.103255 06 Sep 2020
north Florida[4] Monticello (panhandle) 30.21879, -83.982477 25 Aug 2019
Georgia[2,3] Jekyll Sound, Jekyll Island 31.022614, -81.434402 17 Aug 2018
Bibb County 32.849163, -83.888606 08 Sep 2018
Atlanta Botanical Garden 34.335194, -83.817619 29 Aug 2020
Indiana[5] Fishers 39.937858, -86.034543 10 Jun 2020
Bedford 8.87273, -86.297035 20 Jul 2022
Kansas[5] Bel Aire 37.761116, -97.275375 14 Oct 2021
Louisiana[2] Grand Isle 29.236617, -89.987294 04 Sep 2010
Ragley 30.550493, -93.180052 14 May 2023
Eastlake Rd, Sterlington 32.693567, -92.041936 16 Jun 2020
Maryland[2] Spencerville 39.127782, -76.962013 04 Sep 2020
Bethesda 39.011098, -77.103474 26 May 2020
2307 Barrison Point Rd, Essex 39.262279, -76.402634 07 Sep 2018
Mississippi[2] Biloxi 30.439292, -88.94369 27 Jul 2023
Short Cherry St, Vicksburg 32.330805, -90.880905 30 Jul 2020
Robinson Rd, Starkville 33.347691, -88.732903 23 Jun 2020
Missouri[5] St. Louis 38.612622, -90.261077 28 Sep 2002
Commerce Dr, Jefferson City 38.590492, -92.23568 10 Jun 2020
New Jersey[2] 83 Beach Dr, North Cape May 38.984362, -74.959138 03 Sep 2021
Cape May Court House 39.04078, -74.879906 23 Sep 2020
Somerset County 40.696753, -74.520085 21 Jun 2020
New York Staten Island 40.643372, -74.102743 06 Sep 2021
Wagner Houses Pool, New York 40.80179, -73.932685 02 Sep 2020
Central Park, New York 40.793133, -73.952904 09 Jul 2020
North Carolina[2] Airlie, Wilmington 34.215761, -77.829169 07 Jul 2018
1507 U.S. Hwy 70A, Hillsborough 36.060254, -79.068103 12 Nov 2022
Little Tennessee River, Franklin 35.194308, -83.384613 08 Aug 2020
Ohio[5] Devola 39.468097, -81.477402 04 Aug 2020
Oklahoma[2] Sawyer 34.025845, -95.365927 08 Jul 2020
Cheyenne Dr, Woodward 36.438018, -99.419442 03 Oct 2020
S 232nd E Ave, Broken Arrow 36.05742, -95.717842 05 Sep 2021
South Carolina[2] Kiawah Island 32.608237, -80.084817 07 Aug 2018
Atlanta Botanical Garden 34.335194, -83.817619 29 Aug 2020
Oconee State Park 34.86521, -83.105622 19 Aug 2021
Tennessee[2] Park Fair Meadow, Memphis 35.108498, -89.912441 27 May 2022
McCrory Trace, Nashville 36.043935, -86.976165 05 Oct 2020
Johnson City 36.349748, -82.414165 24 Jun 2020
north Texas[2,4] Welch Folly Ln, Frisco 33.144591, -96.800717 06 Sep 2021
Virginia[2] Fisher Arch, Virginia Beach 36.747345, -76.005583 05 Oct 2023
Old Mill Rd, Ridgeway 36.607175, -79.830788 26 Aug 2022
Forest Hill Terrace, Richmond 37.518405, -77.483908 12 Sep 2018
Washington DC Sandalwood Dr, Rehoboth Beach 38.912565, -76.970007 09 Oct 2018
Northeast Washington 38.912565, -76.970007 09 Oct 2018
West Virginia[3,5] Sutton 38.664544, -80.709819 18 Jul 2012
north Wisconsin[4,5] Oneida County 45.867794, -89.647362 19 Jun 2022
[2]Representative, not all records. [3]Waif before or apparently not established before. [4]Not new country or state. [5]Possible waif (stray) as in (Dirig and Kawahara, 2004).

BEHAVIOR: Eating one of LBW’s canna lilies. They were also folding over leaves.
IMPORTANCE: Numerous New Geographic records further north in the norther hemisphere and further south in the southern hemisphere. Is this an effect of Global Warming?
OBSERVERS: Dr. Ernest H. Williams, Jr.[2,3,5,6] and Dr. Lucy Bunkley-Williams[2,4,5,7]
REFERENCES:
Aarsteinsen, B. 1991. Toronto has its warmest year. The Toronto Star, December 31, pp. A3.
Anonymous. 2024a. Brazilian Skipper. Wisconsin Butterflies. https://wisconsinbutterflies.org/butterfly/species/321-brazilian-skipper
Anonymous. 2024b. Brazilian Skipper. Alabama butterfly Atlas. https://alabama.butterflyatlas.usf.edu/species/details/34/brazilian-skipper
Box, H. E. 1927. Apuntes preliminares respecto al descubrimiento de algunos parásitos de los huevos de Diatraea saccharalis en Tucumán. Revista industrial y agrícola de Tucumán 18(1/2): 5-8, 2 figs.
Clausen, C. P. 1978. Hesperiidae, p. 192. In: Introduced parasites and predators of arthropod pests and weeds: A world review. Agriculture Handbook. United States Department of Agriculture 480: vi + 545 pp.
Dirig, R. and A. Kawahara. 2004. The Brazilian Skipper (Calpodes ethlius, Hesperiidae) in West Virginia. News of the Lepidopterists' Society 46: 31.
Daniels, S. M. 1992. 4.8. A big day for migrants. Page 16, In: Hanks, A. J. and Q. F. Hess. Butterflies of Ontario and summaries of Lepidoptera encountered in Ontario in 1991. Toronto Entomologists Association, Occasional Publication #24-92: iii, 94 pp.
Hayward, K. J. 1943. La oruga de la hoja del algodonero (Alabama argillacea (Hübner)) en Tucumán. Boletín de la Estación experimental agrícola de Tucumán 41: 1-21, 16 figs.
Howard, P. 2024. Pierre Howard’s butterflies of Georigia. Brazilian Skipper, Calpodes ethlius. https://www.georgianature.com/brazilian-skipper-calpodes-ethlius
Köhler, Paul Emil 1927. Biología de Calpodes ethlius Cr. Papil Exot 4. Tab. 392. Revista de la Sociedad Entomológica Argentina 1(5): 17- 18, pl. 3, 2 figs.
Lamas, G. 2014. Bibliography Of Butterflies. An Annotated Bibliography of the Neotropical Butterflies and Skippers (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea). Revised Electronic Edition. https://www.ucl.ac.uk/taxome/gbn/LamasBiblio2014.pdf
MacAuslane, H. J. 2017. Larger Canna Leafroller, Calpodes ethlius (Stöll) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). Featured Creatures. University of Florida, IFAS, EENY 132. https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/orn/brazilian_skipper.htmhtm
Vargas, H. A., O. H. Hendrik Mielke, and M. Martins Casagrande. 2006. Calpodes ethlius (Stöll, 1782) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae): Primer registro de distribución para el extremo norte de Chile. Idesia 24(3): 69-70, 1 fig.
Whetzel, H. H. 1922. Report of the pathologist for the period June 10th to December 31st 1921. Reports of the Board & Department of Agriculture (Hamilton) 1921: 30-64.
Williams, E. H., Jr. and L. Bunkley-Williams. 2024. Numerous New Geographic Records of Larger Canna Leafroller, Calpodes ethlius (Stöll) towards both poles; An effect of Global Warming? Research Quality Report, iNaturalist #???, 3 February (open access) [922] ResearchGate
Waterston, J. M. 1943. Plant protection in Bermuda. Bulletin. Department of Agriculture (Hamilton) 21: [4] + ii + 102 pp.
Wormington, A. 1992. Brazilian Skipper (Calpodes ethlius): New to Ontario and Canada. Pages 19-21, In: Hanks, A. J. and Q. F. Hess. Butterflies of Ontario and summaries of Lepidoptera encountered in Ontario in 1991. Toronto Entomologists Association, Occasional Publication #24-92: iii, 94 pp.
Wormington, A. 2016. The Butterflies of Point Pelee National Park, Ontario. Ontario Nature Guide Number 2 of the Ontario Natural History Press: Leamington. 137 pp.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: We thank Dr. David Jenkins, UPRM Campus, Tropical Agricultural Research Station (plant disease specialist) for identifying our caterpillars.
FOOTNOTES: [1]Identification was peer-reviewed, text edited and sometimes condensed. The entire, original comment is in our available reprint 922. [2]Extraordinary Professors, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, South Africa; Adjunct Professors, Research Field Station, Florida Gulf Coast University, 5164 Bonita Beach Road, Bonita Springs, FL 34134; [3]Dept. Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico (retired); [4]Dept. Biology, UPR (retired); [5]920 St. Andrews Blvd, Naples, FL 34113-8943; [6]e-mail ermest.williams1@upr.edu; ORCID 0000-0003-0913-3013; [7]e-mail lucy.williams1@upr.edu; ORCID 0000-0003-1390-911x.

Fotos / Sonidos

Observ.

ernesthwilliams

Fecha

Enero 22, 2024 a las 01:40 TARDE EST

Descripción

NUMBER: 20240122
SPECIES: Sri Lanka Weevil, Myllocerus undecimpustulatus Faust, 1891[1]
SUBSPECIES: Sri Lanka Weevil, Myllocerus undecimpustulatus undulatus Marshall, 1916
OTHER NAMES: yellow-headed ravenous weevil; use of species name or subspecies name is confused.
DISTINCTIONS: Prominent dark blotches on thorax and abdomen, thorax oval and narrower than abdomen, abdomen with shoulders (strongly angled humeri), head long, narrow, and yellow.
DATE, TIME: 22 January 2024, 1:40 PM
LOCALITY: 920 St. Andrews, Naples, Florida 34113 USA
LATITUDE, LONGITUDE: 26.107113, -81.715249
DISTRIBUTION: Native to Sri Lanka, and spread to southern India and Pakistan. Also introduced in Southeast Asia (including China and Japan), Africa, the Palearctic, Indonesia, Australia, and Florida (USA) (Anonymous, 2017). Documented in south Florida in 2000, and spreading up the peninsula (Neal, 2017).

Table 1. New country records for the Sri Lanka Weevil
Country Locality Latitude, Longitude Date

Bahamas Nassau 25.071905, -77.328451 18 Oct 2022
New Providence Island 25.070811, -77.3974 22 Feb 2022
Bangladesh Ajgara 23.213466, 91.160144 19 Jul 2022
Cayman Islands Grand Cayman, North Side 19.278203 -81.249145 09 Dec 2023
Conch Point Road, West Bay 19.395222, -81.385063 31 Dec 2018
Saint-Barthélemy --- 17.90234, -62.834732 06 Dec 2023
Sri Lanka Mirissa[2] 5.944657, 80.456103 09 Dec 2021
Kulchchaveli, Trincomalee[2] 8.712849, 81.184555 25 Aug 2019
Dankotuwa[2] 7.287253, 79.887325 27 Feb 2022
Turks & Caicos Providenciales 21.788212, -72.186867 24 Aug 2023
USA[3] Jacksonville, NW Florida[2] 30.311913, -81.457795 20 Oct 2022
Milton, panhandle of Florida[2] 30.661193, -87.107719 16 Dec 2023
Dry Tortugas, Florida[2] 24.628233, -82.87326 26 Mar 2022
Atlanta, Georgia 25.070811, -77.3974 25 Jan 2020
Rutherford Co., North Carolina 35.449646, -82.218735 27 May 2020

[2]Representative, not all; [3]Not new

DAMAGE: Very injurious to at least 20 food crops, also ornamentals and fruit trees.
SIMILAR SPECIES: The Florida endemic, Little Leaf Notcher, Artipus floridanus Horn, 1876, has the same general shape, size, and distribution in Florida. It has abdominal blotches, but the blotches are smaller and more numerous. Head broader and not yellow. Antennae smaller and thinner. No shoulders on abdomen.
OBSERVERS: Dr. Ernest H. Williams, Jr.,[2,3,5,6] and Dr. Lucy Bunkley-Williams[2,4,5,7]
REFERENCES:
<>Anonymous. 2017. California Pest Rating for Myllocerus undecimpustulatus undatus: Sri Lankan Weevil, Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Pest Rating: A. https://blogs.cdfa.ca.gov/Section3162/?tag=myllocerus-undecimpustulatus-undatus
<>Neal, A. 2017. Sri Lankan Weevil, Myllocerus undecimpustulatus undatus Marshall (Insecta: Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae). University of Florida, IFAS, EENY 579. https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/orn/sri_lankan_weevil.htm
<>Williams, E. H., Jr. and L. Bunkley-Williams. 2024. New Geographic Records in 6 countries, 2 USA States, and parts of Florida for the Sri Lanka Weevil, Myllocerus undecimpustulatus Faust. Research Quality Report, iNaturalist #???, 1 February (open access) [921] ResearchGate+
FOOTNOTES: [1]Identification was peer-reviewed, text edited and sometimes condensed. The entire, original comment is in our available reprint 921. [2]Extraordinary Professors, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, South Africa; Adjunct Professors, Research Field Station, Florida Gulf Coast University, 5164 Bonita Beach Road, Bonita Springs, FL 34134; [3]Dept. Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico (retired); [4]Dept. Biology, UPR (retired); [5]920 St. Andrews Blvd, Naples, FL 34113-8943; [6]e-mail ermest.williams1@upr.edu; ORCID 0000-0003-0913-3013; [7]e-mail lucy.williams1@upr.edu; ORCID 0000-0003-1390-911x.

Fotos / Sonidos

Qué

Carancho (Caracara plancus)

Observ.

ernesthwilliams

Fecha

Enero 3, 2024

Descripción

NUMBER: 20240103
SPECIES: Crested Caracara, Caracara plancus (Miller, 1777)
SUBSPECIES: Audubon’s Crested Caracara, Caracara plancus cheriway (Jacquin, 1784)
OTHER NAMES: Northern crested caracara, Mexican eagle
LOCALITY: Winterpark Blvd, Lakewood, Naples, Florida 34112
LATITUDE, LONGITUDE: 26.136984, -81.759559
DISTRIBUTION: southernmost South America to the southern United States, Mexico, and Central America. Another isolated population occurs on the Falkland Islands .
DATE: 3 January 2024
STATUS: Individuals in a small population in south central Florida are uncommon and endangered. Also, this species is the last remnant of 6 Late Pleistocene fossil species and 1 extinct species in the genus.
PREVIOUS OBSERVATION: 22 August 2018, specimen on a nest on top of very tall Australian Pine, Casuarina equisetifolia Linnaeus, 1753, west of 920 St. Andrews Blvd, Naples, FL 34113, 26.106625, -81.716890, 10X 35 mm binoculars, nest 283.5 m (600 ft) away, bird flew towards observer, no photograph obtained, thus not reported.
PREVIOUS HANDLING: 14-18 June 1976, injured specimen rehabilitated, but too impaired for release, Caribbean Marine Biological Institute, Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles; Latitude 12.122418, Longitude -68.968866; bird had been tamed for some time, very gentle and calm, very interesting to hold, touch, and pet.
IMPORTANCE: Threatened and declining, overall, but the small population in Florida is endangered.
OBSERVERS: Dr. Ernest H. Williams, Jr.[2,3,5,6] and Dr. Lucy Bunkley-Williams[2,4,5,7]
REFERENCES:
Anonymous. 2023. On the lookout to protect Florida’s treasured Crested Caracara. ESA. https://esassoc.com/news-and-ideas/2023/03/on-the-lookout-to-protect-floridas-treasured-crested-caracara/
Williams, E. H., Jr. and L. Bunkley-Williams. 2024. Report and slight range extension of the endangered and declining, in Florida, Crested Caracara, Caracara plancus (Miller) in Winterpark Blvd, Lakewood, Naples, Florida USA. Research Quality Report, iNaturalist #???, 30 January (open access) [916] ResearchGate
FOOTNOTES:
[1]Identification was peer-reviewed, text edited and sometimes condensed. The entire, original text is in our available reprint 916. [2]Extraordinary Professors, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, South Africa; Adjunct Professors, Research Field Station, Florida Gulf Coast University, 5164 Bonita Beach Road, Bonita Springs, FL 34134; [3]Dept. Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico (retired); [4]Dept. Biology, UPR (retired); [5]920 St. Andrews Blvd, Naples, FL 34113-8943; [6]e-mail ermest.williams1@upr.edu; ORCID 0000-0003-0913-3013; [7]e-mail lucy.williams1@upr.edu, ORCID 0000-0003-1390-911x.

Fotos / Sonidos

Qué

Planaria Asiática Cabeza de Martillo (Bipalium kewense)

Observ.

ernesthwilliams

Fecha

Falta la fecha

Descripción

NUMBER: 20130709
SPECIES: Hammerhead Worm, Bipalium kewense Moseley, 1878
OTHER NAMES: Shovel-headed Garden Worm
COLLECTION: Lucy found and in her garden 9 July. She photographed it but did not otherwise disturb it.
DISTINGUISHING: A beautiful flatworm (Turbellaria). Pale in color with dorsal dark median line, dark patch in neck region, and expanded lunate head. May attain lengths up to 30 cm (almost a foot).
LOCALITY: 1827 Joaquin Monteagudo, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 00682
LATITUDE, LONGITUDE: 18.230714, -67.153630
DISTRIBUTION: Native to Indochina (Vietnam to Kampuchea, Malaysia), but probably cosmopolitan in tropical and subtropical regions through introductions with rooted plants. Records include Australia, Barbados, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Indonesia, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Tahiti, Taiwan, USA, and Zimbabwe. The species appears to be dispersed with rooted plants (Choate and Dunn, 2020)

Table 1. New Geographic Records for the Hammerhead Worm
Country, Island Locality Latitude, Longitude Date

Argentina Puerto Iguazú, Misiones[2] -25.614855, -54.556748 06 Oct 2023
Calilegua[2] -23.705419, -64.864959 06 Sep 2022
Buenos Aires[2] -34.597808, -58.47445 27 Jan 2024
Azores (Portual) Vila Franca de Campo 37.720638, -25.480255 26 Jan 2024
Lomba de São Pedro 37.789095, -25.285961 25 Nov 2023
Nossa Sra. da Conceição 38.662946, -27.212628 13 Jan 2023
Ilha do Faial - Capelo 38.573259, -28.769784 22 Dec 2022
Belgium 1780 Wemmel 50.92472, 4.329255 30 Apr 2023
Bermuda Devonshire 32.307755, -64.7505 24 May 2023
Brazil Rua da Ladeira[2] -8.086244, -34.990306 16 Aug 2023
Pitinga, Porto Alegre[2] -30.142455, -51.100248 31 Dec 2023
Rua BS-007 B, Goiânia[2] -16.584179, -49.335212 22 Feb 2022
Cameroon Яунде, Камерун 3.84027, 11.536835 16 Aug 2021
Canary Islands (Spain) Las Palmas, Grand Canary Is. 28.102039, -15.599593 08 Mar 2023
Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Is) 28.497455 -16.337669 30 Jun 2022
Chile Iquique -20.2307, -70.135669 03 May 2023
Colina -33.204545. -70.675965 06 Mar 2023
Cook Islands Rarotonga -21.237683, -159.78802 22 Jan 2024
Dominica Soufrière Sulphur Springs 15.23715, -61.345891 12 Jan 2020
Equador Santa Cruz, Galapagos[2] -0.669042, -90.430795 06 Aug 2024
Antonio Ante[2] 0.303018, -78.23352 25 Dec 2023
Yangana[2] -4.36578, -79.177712 23 Nov 2023
Fiji Naitasiri -18.046931, 178.44669 06 Dec 2022
France 40230 Bénesse-Maremne 43.624969, -1.397432 15 Oct 2022
French Guyane Remire-Montjoly 97354 4.913853, -52.269161 22 May 2023
Remire-Montjoly 97354 4.888401, -52.291326 01 Mar 2023
Remire-Montjoly 4.867822, -52.299425 21 May 2022
French Polynesia Moorea (Island) -17.53916, -149.826013 09 Apr 2023
Guadeloupe
Porte d'enfer 16.318816 -61.293937 20 Apr 2022
Sainte-Anne 16.269108, -61.350633 15 Feb 2021
Guatemala San Luis, Petén[2] 16.120701, -89.452008 10 Jan 2024
Quetzaltenango[2] 14.844599, -91.523187 01 Jul 2022
Jalapa[2] 14.597107, -89.983175 13 May 2017
Hawaii (USA) Island of Hawaii[2] 19.51414, -155.448506 08 Jul 2022
Maui (Island) [2] 20.95567, -156.539567 05 Jan 2024
Oʻahu (Island), Pearl City[2] 21.432155, -157.95612 14 Nov 2020
Kauai County, Kaua (Is)[2] 22.101547, -159.67755 25 Dec 2018
Honduras Yoro[2] 15.115965, -87.450912 25 Aug 2020
Danli[2] 14.03723, -86.55371 06 Dec 2020
Gracias[2] 14.564802, -88.620726 06 Sep 2020
India Cherthala, Kerala[2] 9.668231, 76.32183 29 Jul 2020
Kand, Himachal Pradesh[2] 32.176844, 76.419444 29 Jun 2020
One Kanganheri[2] 28.544571, 77.004657 20 Jul 2023
Italy Catania, Sicily[2] 37.530675, 15.108822 05 Apr 2023
Rome[2] 41.816984, 12.486092 30 May 2020
26010 Offanengo[2] 45.38099, 9.738679 21 Aug 2023
Jamaica St Thomas, Surrey Co 18.018117, -76.381287 21 May 2022
Japan Kunigami-Gun, Okinawa (Is) 26.46425, 127.829345 13 May 2022
Kagoshima, Kyushu (Is)[2] 31.67215, 130.356173 July 2021
Honsu (Island) [2] 35.811516, 139.564894 06 Jul 2023
São Tomé and Príncipe Lembá 0.345426, 6.57306 21 Feb 2023
Madagascar Ifanadiana -21.254467, 47.424025 01 Dec 2023
Madeira (Portugal) --- 32.665848, -16.896218 28 Jan 2024
Montserrate St Peters 16.761667, -62.2201 21 Mar 2021
Nepal Dangsing 28.342362, 83.741518 09 Jul 2022
Kathmandu 44600 27.723089, 85.35453 06 Sep 2022
Baghdol, Lalitpur 44600 27.673803, 85.295141 05 Aug 2019
New Caledonia --- -21.561989, 165.52841 14 May 2022
New Zealand Wellington, North Island[2] -41.302263, 174.74290 13 Mar 2018
Cape Reinga 0484, N Is[2] -34.503774, 172.79947 30 May 2022
Nelson, South Island[2] -41.284616,173.276891 17 May 2016
Netherlands Emmen 25 Nov 2021
Nicaragua Esteli, Esteli[2] 13.246311, -86.25202 06 Nov 2022
Managua[2] 11.819756, -86.536318 14 Nov 2004
Nueva Guinea[2] 11.683219, -84.447496 09 Oct 2023
Norfork Island Burnt Pine 2899 -29.02887, 167.945886 06 Apr 2023
Pakistan PCSIR Lab Road 34.001194, 71.489372 13 May 2020
Paraguay Fernando De La Mora -25.342203, -57.579203 30 Aug 2018
Peru Haurichiri -11.877925, -76.433435 24 Sep 2022
San Juan Bautista -13.18547, -74.192757 09 Jul 2022
Philippines Los Baños, Laguna 14.152649, 121.234488 12 Nov 2023
Gk Medsa Sibol 7.186391, 125.638284 13 Nov 2020
Portugal Madeira, Canary Is??? 32.665848, -16.896218 28 Jan 2024
Sintra, Lisboa 8.766025, -9.389255 06 Dec 2021
Gondomar, Norte 41.151561, -8.554975 25 Jun 2023
4560 Penafiel 41.207995, -8.305566 06 Oct 2020
La Réunion Saint-Benoît 97470 -21.095811, 55.652634 21 Aug 2022
Rwanda Musezero, Kigali -1.91649, 30.064682 09 Jun 2019
Singapore 1 Cluny Rd 1.31384, 103.815914 11 May 2023
Siri Lanka Horampella North[2] 7.186182, 79.979416 12 Dec 2023
Vavuniya[2] 8.758665, 80.487746 21 Dec 2022
South Africa Capetown, Western Cape[2] -33.954463, 18.461108 27 Sep 2023
Thaba Chweu[2] 03 Jan 2024
eThekwini[2] -29.884414, 30.923821 03 Sep 2023
South Korea Nam-gu, Gwangju 35.124989, 126.892836 15 Jun 2021
Spain Almería[2] 36.754853, -2.796568 19 Mar 2019
Vizcaya[2] 43.343101, -2.648692 25 Jul 2023
36340 Nigrán, Pontevedra[2] 42.15277, -8.833129 05 Jul 2022
Thailand Saphli, Pathio District[2] 10.632996, 99.286453 23 Sep 2018
Nakhon Ratchasima[2] 14.8667, 102.003079 30 Sep 2022
Doi Tung, Mae Sai[2] 20.3241, 99.83345 25 Oct 2023
Trinadad Couva 10.426431, -61.478163 23 Apr 2023
Uruguay Zona Este, 50000 Salto 13.18547, -74.192757 09 Jul 2022
Viet Nam H. Tam Đảo, Vĩnh Phúc[2] 21.405725, 105.595528 25 May 2022
Hầu Thào, Sa Pa, Lao Cai[2] 22.306961, 103.895894 07 Aug 2023
Zinbabwe Matabeleand S Province -22.172706, 29.507352 17 Feb 2021
Mutare, Minacaland -19.10493, 32.752136 25 Feb 2022

[2]Representative, not all

STATUS: A mostly nonindigeneous but well-established cosmopolitan species.
DATE: 9 July 2013.
ETYMOLOGY: Named at, and for, Kew Gardens (where we just visited).
DAMAGE: Consumes earthworms, which are important in soils, also a pest of commercial earthworm farms. Contain toxins.
OBSERVERS: Dr. Ernest H. Williams, Jr.,[2,3,5,6] and Dr. Lucy Bunkley-Williams[2,4,5,7]
REFERENCES:
Choate, P. M. and R. A. Dunn. 2020. Featured creatures. University of Florida. EENY 49 https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/land_planarians.htm
Williams, E. H., Jr. and L. Bunkley-Williams. 2023. New worldwide geographic localites in 46 countries and 4 island groups for the Hammerhead Worm, Bipalium kewense Moseley. Research Quality Report, iNaturalist #193629482, 10 December (open access) [921]
FOOTNOTES:
[1]Identification was peer-reviewed, text edited and sometimes condensed. The entire, original text is in our available reprint 921. [2]Extraordinary Professors, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, South Africa; Adjunct Professors, Research Field Station, Florida Gulf Coast University, 5164 Bonita Beach Road, Bonita Springs, FL 34134; [3]Dept. Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico (retired); [4]Dept. Biology, UPR (retired); [5]920 St. Andrews Blvd, Naples, FL 34113-8943; [6]e-mail ermest.williams1@upr.edu; ORCID 0000-0003-0913-3013; [7]e-mail lucy.williams1@upr.edu, ORCID 0000-0003-1390-911x.

Fotos / Sonidos

Qué

Gusano Gigante Cabeza de Martillo (Platydemus manokwari)

Observ.

ernesthwilliams

Fecha

Enero 16, 2024

Descripción

NUMBER: 20240116
SPECIES: New Guinea Flatworm, Platydemus manokwari Beauchamp, 1963[1]
NUMBER, SIZE: 1, stretched out on the driveway.
DISTINCTIONS: Relatively large, 40–65 mm (1.6–2.6 in) in length and about 4–7 mm (0.16–0.28 in) wide, and quite flat, <2 mm (0.08 in) thick. Pointed on both ends with head more pointed than tail. Tip of head with 2 eyes. Dark brown back (dorsal) with lighter central line, belly (ventral) pale grey
DATE: 16 January 2024
LOCALITY: Bershire Lakes, Naples, FL 34104
LATITUDE, LONGITUDE: 26.160052, -81.726070
DISTRIBUTION: Micronesia, the Marquesas, the Society Islands, Samoa, Melanesia, and the Hawaiian Islands. several Japanese Islands. Puerto Rico, Florida; Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Saint Martin; Brisbane, Australia (Justine et al., 2014). Rapidly spreading across the USA (Table 1) and around the world.

Table 1. New Locality Records[2] of New Guinea Flatworm from iNaturalist
Country/State Locality Latitude, Longitude Date

ASIA

India Andhra Pradesh 517619 13.708128, 79.594996 10 Apr 2023
Maldives Lakkadive Sea 4.259633, 72.983055 26 Feb 2017
CARIBBEAN

Antigua --- 18.209691, -63.053945 30 Jan 2020
Bahamas Michelson, Exuma[N] 23.497791, -75.764224 11 Jul 2018
Ardastra Gardens, Nassau[N] 25.076431, -77.361738 02 Jul 2023
Cayman Islands Grand Cayman[N] 19.287353, -81.329042 18 Aug 2021
Haiti 97 #5A, Kenscoff 18.443132, -72.294236 10 Jun 2023
Jamaica[3] Kingston 18.084337, -76.6873 29 Jan 2023
Savanna la Mar 18.221713, -78.098786 04 Jul 2023
St. Ann Parish 18.444427, -77.258273 01 Jan 2022
Puerto Rico[Nn] Puerto Real, Vieques Island[N] 18.101786, -65.491261 25 Dec 2019
St-Barthélemy --- 17.90214, -62.85303 16 Nov 2023
US Virgin Is St. Croix[N,3] 17.728212, -64.865713 21 Dec 2023
Kings Hill, St. Croix 17.728212, -64.865713 24 Nov 2020
St. Thomas[N] 18.356712, -64.922012 20 Dec 2023
CENTRAL AMERICA

Costa Rica Guanacaste Province 10.416139, -85.773622 08 Aug 2022
Guatemala Poptún, Petén 16.344845, -89.432787 16 Jan 2024
EUROPE

Austria Innernschlag 48.453697, 14.256946 06 Jun 2020
Canary Islands Tijarafe, 38780, Santa Cruz[N] 28.742385, -17.976586 16 Jun 2023
England Camelford 50.622105, -4.682364 12 Aug 2021
France Pleumeur-Bodou 48.77179, -3.513657 13 May 2021
NORTH AMERICA

Mexico[3] San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas 16.733999, -92.61621 16 Oct 2022
Querétaro, Qro. 20.600555, -100.38194 11 Sep 2019
USA/[Nn]

/Alabama[3] Leesburg 34.153715, -85.758992 08 Oct 2021
Spanish Fort 30.667305, -87.933323 22 Aug 2022
/Arkansas Fayetteville 36.062046, -94.160103 19 Sep 2023
/California Gardena 33.865934, -118.30537 10 Jul 2022
San Jose 37.225525, -121.87091 20 Dec 2023
Arcata 40.87439, -124.078506 01 Sep 2023
/Florida[Nn] Duck Key,[N] Monroe County 24.763476, -80.95785 14 Dec 2022
Matecumbe Key,[N] Islamorada 24.919262, -80.629653 03 Jan 2020
Key Largo[N,3] 25.1159, -80.419753 03 Jan 2024
/Georgia[3] Stacy Ct NE, Ludowici 31.799278, -81.695192 29 Apr 2021
Saint Simons Island[N] 31.173863, -81.39498 23 Jul 2023
/Illinois Springfield 39.76652, -89.689558 09 Jul 2016
/Louisiana[3] Madisonville 30.447046, -90.241226 14 Jun 2022
/Mississippi[3] Starkville 33.446332, -88.781832 27 Mar 2023
Biloxi 30.443796, -88.94973 04 Sep 2021
/N Carolina[3] Cotswold, Charlotte 35.183171, -80.797267 11 Mar 2023
Oak Crest, Wilmington 34.213982; -77.869064 27 Sep 2023
/Pennsylvania Glem Mills 39.893955, -75.509979 10 Jun 2021
/S Carolina[3] Charleston 32.738483, -80.067841 12 Nov 2021
2516 Harlston Green Dr, Florence 34.155867, -79.711733 19 Jul 2019
/Texas[3] Lipan Apache Bend, Austin 30.327458, -98.025872 22 May 2023
D Rose Ellen, McAllen 26.183989, -98.216955 03 Nov 2022
Cross Oak Ranch 33.201689, -96.980556 15 Oct 2019
OCEANIA

Australia[Nn] Launceston, Tasmania[N] -41.445835, 147.12083 25 Mar 2021
Hawaii[Nn] Holualoa, Hawaii Island[N] 19.624891, -155.984344 29 Oct 2019
Hilo, Hawaii Island 19.702213, -155.071044 31 Dec 2019
Kauaʻi, Poipu, Kauai Island[N,3] 21.880961, -159.472393 09 Jan 2020
Kauai County, Kauai Island 22.206586, -159.600854 25 Nov 2023
Hana, Maui Island[N,3] 20.759103, -155.987735 09 Dec 2023
Maui County, Maui Island 20.880311, -156.54515 06 Aug 2023
Palau Ngerekebesang 7.35335, 134.460938 04 Aug 2023
SOUTH AMERICA

Brazil[3] São Paulo -23.577661, -46.617322 02 Feb 2021
Vila Torres Galvão, Paulista -7.95616, -34.873384 01 Aug 2023
Rua Perimetral Norte, Tabatinga -4.220047, -69.9302 01 May 2021
Colombia[3] Usme, Bogotá 4.523571, -74.083957 22 May 2021
Pereira, Risaralda 4.749497, -75.655052 17 Aug 2022
Ecuador[3] Morona -2.316235, -78.09339 09 Jul 2020
Vicente Solano, Quito, Pichincha -0.283647, -78.46138 15 Oct 2023
Perú Cajamarca -7.168688, -78.529809 29 Jul 2023
Maynas Province -3.965396, -73.419976 01 Jul 2022

[2]Most recent published records (Justine et al., 2015); [3]Representative, not all; [N]New, [Nn]Not new

FURTHEREST NORTH: Camelford, England, 50.622105, -4.682364 (Table 1)
FURTHEREST SOUTH: Launceston, Tasmania, -41.445835, 147.12083 (Table 1)
HABITAT: In most habitats, less common on residential, lawns
DATA REPORT: Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission [IveGot1.org], Early Detection & Distribution Mapping System at [www.eddmaps.org/florida/report].
IMPORTANCE: Uncontrollable, noxious invasive. Eliminating some rare and endangered native snails on Pacific Islands.
DANGERS: Do not touch this worm. It may vomit on you and burn your skin, cause an allergic reaction, or infect you with Rat Lungworm, Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Chen, 1935) (roundworm) with contaminated raw vegetables.
OBSERVERS: Dr. Ernest H. Williams, Jr.,[4,5,7,8] and Dr. Lucy Bunkley-Williams[4,6,7,9]
REFERENCES:
<>DeMarco, E. 2014. Snail-killing worm invades U.S. mainland. Science doi:10.1126/science.aac6883. ISSN 0036-8075.
<>EDDMapS. 2019. New Guinea Flatworm, Platydemus manokwari Beauchamp, 1963, Early Detection & Distribution Mapping System. University of Georgia - Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health. Available online at http://www.eddmaps.org/.
<>Justine, J.-L., L. Winsor, P. Barrière, C. Fanai, D. Gey, et al. 2015. The invasive land planarian Platydemus manokwari (Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae): records from six new localities, including the first in the USA. PeerJ, 3, e1037. doi:10.7717/peerj.1037
<>Kern, B. 2016. The New Guinea Land Planarian, A New Invasive Species. Ft. Lauderdale Research and Education Center, Davie, Florida, USA.
<>Williams, E. H., Jr. and L. Bunkley-Williams. 2019. The dangerous, introduced New Guinea Flatworm, Platydemus manokwari Beauchamp, 1963, in Sebring, Florida. Research Quality Report, iNaturalist #25536692, 21 May (open access) [416]
<>Williams, E. H., Jr. and L. Bunkley-Williams. 2024. New Geographic Locality Records for 21 countries and 22 states/islands around the world for the destructive invasive New Guinea Flatworm, Platydemus manokwari Beauchamp. Research Quality Report, iNaturalist #???, 19 January (open access) [914]
FOOTNOTES:
[1]Identification was peer-reviewed, text edited and condensed. The entire, original text is in our reprint #914. [2]Most recent published records (Justine et al., 2015); [3]Representative, not all;
[4]Extraordinary Professors, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, South Africa; Adjunct Professors, Research Field Station, Florida Gulf Coast University, 5164 Bonita Beach Road, Bonita Springs, FL 34134; [5]Dept. Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico (retired); [6]Dept. Biology, UPR (retired); [7]920 St. Andrews Blvd, Naples, FL 34113-8943; [8]e-mail ermest.williams1@upr.edu; cell 239-227-3645, ORCID 0000-0003-0913-3013; [9]Cell 787-467-2179, e-mail lucy.williams1@upr.edu, ORCID 0000-0003-1390-911x.

Fotos / Sonidos

Observ.

ernesthwilliams

Fecha

Diciembre 5, 2023 a las 02:29 TARDE EST

Descripción

NUMBER: 20231205
SPECIES: Citrus Scab, Elsinoë fawcettii Bitancourt and Jenkins, 1936[1]
OTHER NAMES: Citrus Fungal Scab; Elsinoe fawcettii; scab of citrus
DATE, TIME: 5 December 2023, 2:29 PM
DISTINCTIONS: Small, slightly elevated, scabs or pustules on the fruit rind, stems, leaves, and buds. Rows of pustules break into scratches or tan to brown bare areas.
LOCALITY: Verona Manor Walk, Naples, Florida 34114
LATITUDE, LONGITUDE: 26.06332, -81.70216
DISTRIBUTION: Widely distributed in humid citrus-growing regions of the world. However, the natural range and history of spread are unknown.

Table 1. New Geographic Locality Records in Europe, Oceania, and USA (EPPO, 2023)
Country Locality Latitude, Longitude iNaturalist # Date

New Zealand Auckland[2] -36.941091, 174.771797 182775585 10 Sep 2023
S. Head[2] -36.475924, 174.257002 6132271 08 May 2017
Spain Grenada 37.169084, -3.591755 188331300 01 Sep 2023
USA, CA Oakland 37.851169, -122.254563 171474506 03 Jul 2023
, FL Naples 26.06332, -81.70216 ??? 05 Dec 2023
, NY Syaracuse greenhouse 188053112 17 Oct 2023

[2]North Island; [3]Slight Locality Record

DISEASE: Citrus Scab Disease is caused by a fungus. Fruit can often be salvaged, but at a lower price.
VECTOR: possibly incidental insects, none infected; rain and irrigation; wind; transfer of plants
HOST: Florida Orange, Florida Orange, Citrus × nobilis Loureiro. Also, infects a variety of citrus with little specificity.
EXPERTISE: We have examined many thousands of fishes for fungal pathogens, but published little (Johnson and Williams, 1972; Vargus et al., 1998; Rand et al., 2000).
SIMILAR SPECIES: Sweet Orange Scab, Elsinoë australis Bitancourt and Jenkins, 1936, is only known from South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Paraguay and Uruguay).
OBSERVERS: Dr. Ernest H. Williams, Jr.,[4,5,7,8] and Dr. Lucy Bunkley-Williams[4,6,7,9]
REFERENCES:
<>Bitancourt, A. A., and A. E. Jenkins, A.E. 1936. Elsinoë fawcettii, the perfect state of the citrus scab fungus. Phytopathology 26: 393-396.
<>EPPO. 2023. Elsinoë fawcettii (ELSIFA). EPPO Global Database https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/ELSIFA
<>Johnson, S. K. and E. H. Williams, Jr. 1972. Bacteriological survey of freshwater fishes of the Tensaw River, Alabama. Journal of the Alabama Academy of Science 43: 18 22. (fungal samples all negative) [4]
<>Vargus, M. M., Z. Figueroa, and L. Bunkley-Williams. 1998. Fungi associated with some freshwater fishes from Puerto Rico. American Bryological and Lichenological Society, and Mycological Society of America Annual Meeting, Abstracts Volume: 67-68 (abstract). [217]
<>Rand, T. G., L. Bunkley-Williams and E. H. Williams, Jr. 2000. A hyphomycete fungus, Paecilomyces lilacinus, associated with wasting disease in two species of tilapia from Puerto Rico. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 12: 149-156. [256]
FOOTNOTES:
[1]Identification was peer-reviewed, text edited and sometimes condensed. The entire, original text is in our available reprint 915. [2]North Island; [3]Slight Locality Record; [4]Extraordinary Professors, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, South Africa; Adjunct Professors, Research Field Station, Florida Gulf Coast University, 5164 Bonita Beach Road, Bonita Springs, FL 34134; [5]Dept. Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico (retired); [6]Dept. Biology, UPR (retired); [7]920 St. Andrews Blvd, Naples, FL 34113-8943; [8]e-mail ermest.williams1@upr.edu; ORCID 0000-0003-0913-3013; [9]e-mail lucy.williams1@upr.edu, ORCID 0000-0003-1390-911x.

Figure 1. Damage to fruit
Figure 2. Damage to leaf

Fotos / Sonidos

Qué

Torito Espina (Umbonia crassicornis)

Observ.

ernesthwilliams

Fecha

Diciembre 31, 2023 a las 10:19 TARDE EST

Descripción

SPECIES: Thorn Bug, Umbonia crassicornis (Amyot and Serville, 1843)
OTHER NAMES: Thornbug, thorn tree hopper, treehopper
DISTINCTIONS: Thorn hopper insect. Female with dorsal horn, male with longer, broader, more posterior facing, flat projection truncated at apex. Leafhoppers, Genus Umbonia, taxonomy seems based on behavior rather than morphology.
DATE: 31 December 2023
LOCALITY: Golden Gate City, Florida 34116
LATITUDE, LONGITUDE: 26.187577, -81.695310
DISTRIBUTION: Native to tropical regions of Northern South America, Central America, and Mexico. Introduced into and south Florida and Texas (USA), Puerto Rico, and Dominican Republic (DiTerlizzi, 2004). Occurrences are sporadic in Florida. The Thorn Bug is the most common leafhopper reported in Florida. We report New Localities in the central (iN #149990305) and northern (iN #136026101) peninsula of Florida, and the Bahamas (iN #53963879; Table 1).

Table 1. Representative Records of New Localities of Thorn Bug
Locality Town Latitude, longitude Date iNaturalist

SE 60th Lane Hawthorne, FL, USA 29.598013, -82.077278 22 Sep 2022 136026101
Ocklawaha, FL, USA 29.042798, -81.929251 17 Oct 2017 98547342
Oakland, FL, USA 28.555129, -81.639269 01 Mar 2023 149990305
Haines City, FL, USA 28.100878, -81.617889 09 Dec 2022 163218262
S. Rock Road Fort Pierce, FL, USA 27.42869, -80.407041 11 Sep 2023 182799942
Nassau, Bahamas 25.075687, -77.342119 16 May 2012 53963879

HOSTS: Preferred hosts are ornamental and fruit trees. Fruit trees are harmed in Florida.
USE: Edible (Wallace, 1854: 243); food for birds, lizards, and insects.
SIMILAR SPECIES: Umbonia spinosa (Fabricius, 1775), some say in Florida, others not; Umbonia ataliba Fairmaire, 1846, not reported in Florida, female spine very narrow terminally,
IMPORTANCE: Reports only occur sporadically, thus more accurate records are needed. Taxonomy and identifications are confused. New confirmed Locality Records. Northern records in Florida could be due to Global Warming.
OBSERVERS: Dr. Ernest H. Williams, Jr.,[2,3,5,6] and Dr. Lucy Bunkley-Williams[2,4,5,7]
REFERENCES:
<>Deitz, L. L., and M. S.Wallace, M.S., 2010. Treehoppers: Aetalionidae, Melizoderidae, and Membracidae (Hemiptera). http://treehoppers.insectmuseum.org
<>Velez-Gavilan, J. 2023. Umbonia crassicornis (thorn bug). CABI Compendium. https://doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.55677
<>Wallace, A. R. 1854. On the insects used for food by the Indians of the Amazon. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 2. 2 (8): 241–244.
<>Williams, E. H., Jr. and L. Bunkley-Williams. 2023. Confirmed Record of Thorn Bug, Umbonia crassicornis (Amyot and Serville), in southwest Florida. Research Quality Report, iNaturalist #193636411, 8 December (open access) [910]
FOOTNOTES:
[1]Identification was peer-reviewed, text edited and sometimes condensed. The entire, original text is in our available reprint 910. [2]Extraordinary Professors, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, South Africa; Adjunct Professors, Research Field Station, Florida Gulf Coast University, 5164 Bonita Beach Road, Bonita Springs, FL 34134; [3]Dept. Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico (retired); [4]Dept. Biology, UPR (retired); [5]920 St. Andrews Blvd, Naples, FL 34113-8943; [6]e-mail ermest.williams1@upr.edu; ORCID 0000-0003-0913-3013; [7]e-mail lucy.williams1@upr.edu, ORCID 0000-0003-1390-911x.

Fotos / Sonidos

Qué

Planta de Coral (Jatropha multifida)

Observ.

ernesthwilliams

Fecha

Noviembre 19, 2023 a las 10:29 MAÑANA EST

Descripción

NUMBER: 20231119
SPECIES: Coral Plant, Jatropha multifida Linnaeus, 1753[1]
OTHER NAMES: Coralbush, physic nut
DISTINGUISHING: single-trunked evergreen shrub or small tree; with large, lobed and divided, orbicular leaves; a long showy bloom of coral-red flowers; typically 1.8-3.0 m (6-10 ft), occasionally 4.6-6.1 m (15-20 ft) tall; flowers, 6.35 mm (0.25 in) across, bloom year-round in terminal flat-topped clusters (compound cymes); leaves to 30.5 cm (12 in) diameter, contain 7-11 palmate finely divided lobes (Anonymous, 2023) [OR] 10-15 () OR9-11(-13) (van Welzen, 2017). We saw 7-15 lobes, most commonly 9-11. Many contradictory descriptions occur in the literature.
COLLECTION: Removed from forest and placed in our greenhouse plant collection.
DATE, TIME: 19 November 2023, 10:29 AM
LOCATION: Forest Preserve, Lely Palms, Naples, Florida 34113
LATITUDE, LONGITUDE: 26.106836, -81.712799
DISTRIBUTION: Native in tropical Americas: SW Mexico (???), Mexico and Caribbean (KEW, 2020) [OR] Mexico and Central America to Brazil (Anonymous, 2023). Introduced around the world as tropical garden and house plants. Wild in central, E central, and SE Florida (Wunderlin et al., 2023). Our record is a New Locality.
SIMILAR SPECIES: Physicnut, Jatropha curcas Linnaeus, 1753, is often confused with Jatropha multifida Linnaeus, 1753, because the former is widely planted for oil production. Leaf maple-like, not deeply lobbed, with 7 veins (we have rarely seen 4-5).
USES: Ornamental, young leaves and tubers can be eaten after roasting; older leaves can act as purgative. Seeds are medicinally used as purgative and for criminal execution; herbal medicines, lamp oil (not commercially planted)
DANGER: A toxic milky sap in all parts of the plant is poisonous if ingested.
IMPORTANCE: New Locality Record.
OBSERVERS: Dr. Ernest H. Williams, Jr.,[2,3,5,6] and Dr. Lucy Bunkley-Williams[2,4,5,7]
REFERENCES:
<>Anonymous. 2023. Jatropha multifida. Plant Finder. Missouri Botanical Garden. KEW. 2017. Jatropha multifida L. Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, UK.
<>van Welzen, P. C., F. S. T. Sweet, F. J. Fernández-Casas. 2017. A revision of Jatropha (Euphorbiaceae) in Malesia. Blumea 62: 58–74. ISSN (Online) 2212-1676 www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/blumea
<>Williams, E. H., Jr. and L. Bunkley-Williams. 2023. New Locality Record of Coral Plant, Jatropha multifida Linnaeus, in the wild in southwest Florida. Research Quality Report, iNaturalist #???, 8 December (open access) [910]
<>Wunderlin, R. P., B. F. Hansen, A. R. Franck, and F. B. Essig. 2023. Atlas of Florida Plants (http://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/). [S. M. Landry and K. N. Campbell (application development), USF Water Institute.] Institute for Systematic Botany, University of South Florida, Tampa.
FOOTNOTES:
[1]Identification was peer-reviewed, text edited and sometimes condensed. The entire, original text is in our available reprint 910. [2]Extraordinary Professors, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, South Africa; Adjunct Professors, Research Field Station, Florida Gulf Coast University, 5164 Bonita Beach Road, Bonita Springs, FL 34134; [3]Dept. Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico (retired); [4]Dept. Biology, UPR (retired); [5]920 St. Andrews Blvd, Naples, FL 34113-8943; [6]e-mail ermest.williams1@upr.edu; ORCID 0000-0003-0913-3013; [7]e-mail lucy.williams1@upr.edu, ORCID 0000-0003-1390-911x.

Figure 1. Three plants in the forest reserve
Figure 2. Seed pod from ground, scale in mm
Figure 3. Seed pod and marker pen
Figure 4. Leaves.
Figure 5. Flowers

Fotos / Sonidos

Qué

Rosa Japonesa (Rosa rugosa)

Observ.

ernesthwilliams

Fecha

Noviembre 17, 2023 a las 01:23 TARDE EST

Descripción

NUMBER: 20231117
SPECIES: Beach Rose, Rosa rugosa Thunberg, 1784
OTHER NAMES: Marine rose, rugose rose
DISTINGUISHING: Perennial, deciduous woody shrub forming dense, multi-stemmed plants up to 1.5 m (5 ft); dark green leaves heavily veined, with serrated edges, and wrinkled (rugose); sweet smelling flowers, (2-3 in) in diameter, emerge all summer. Flowers can be white, pink or purple, with singles or wild doubles, and yellow stamens in the center; Stems covered with many straight, spiny thorns; orange-to-red fruits about 2.5-3.8 cm (1-1.5 in) in diameter.
DATE, TIME: 17 October 2023, 12:38 PM
LOCALITY: Bar Harbor, Maine, 04609 USA
LATITUDE, LONGITUDE: 44.391467, -68.204548
DISTRIBUTION: Native to Asia, it has been naturalized throughout the USA northeastern states. Also, in many cool-cold temperate areas around the world.
DANGER: Out competes native species (Zhang et al., 2018). Spreads rapidly and is considered invasive in many USA states, particularly in the New England area. Thus patches there should be identified and confirmed.
USE: Ornamental in landscapes, stabilization of sand dunes; fruits (hips) used for teas, jams, jellies, and wild food for small animals and birds.
SIMILAR SPECIES: Do not confuse with Winterberry Holly, Ilex verticillate (Linnaeus, 1753), which has similar persisting red fruits on bare stems, occurs in many of the same areas (sympatric), but is poisonous (Williams and Bunkley-Williams, 2023a).
IMPORTANCE: Invasive environmental problem in New England. Therefore, patches of this plant should be identified and recorded.
OBSERVERS: Dr. Ernest H. Williams, Jr.,[2,3,5,6] and Dr. Lucy Bunkley-Williams[2,4,5,7]
REFERENCES:
<>Williams, E. H., Jr. and L. Bunkley-Williams. 2023a. Winterberry Holly, Ilex verticillate (Linnaeus) wet-spreading behavior in a dry-hillside habitat, and a slight New Locality Record on Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, Canada. Research Quality Report, iNaturalist #193004841, 4 December (open access) [909]
<>Williams, E. H., Jr. and L. Bunkley-Williams. 2023b. Report of a wild patch of the damaging invasive Beach Rose, Rosa rugosa Thunberg, in Bar Habor, Maine. Research Quality Report, iNaturalist #???, 10 December (open access) [911]
<>Zhang S., M. Isermann, W. Gan, and M. Breed. 2018. Invasive Rosa rugosa populations outperform native populations, but some populations have greater invasive potential than others. Science Reports 8(1):5735. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5893583/
FOOTNOTES:
[1]Identification was peer-reviewed, text edited and sometimes condensed. The entire, original text is in our available reprint 911. [2]Extraordinary Professors, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, South Africa; Adjunct Professors, Research Field Station, Florida Gulf Coast University, 5164 Bonita Beach Road, Bonita Springs, FL 34134; [3]Dept. Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico (retired); [4]Dept. Biology, UPR (retired); [5]920 St. Andrews Blvd, Naples, FL 34113-8943; [6]e-mail ermest.williams1@upr.edu; ORCID 0000-0003-0913-3013; [7]e-mail lucy.williams1@upr.edu, ORCID 0000-0003-1390-911x.

Fotos / Sonidos

Observ.

ernesthwilliams

Fecha

Abril 27, 2023 a las 02:10 TARDE EDT

Descripción

NUMBER: 20220427
SPECIES: Oxhorn Mite,[1] Colomerus bucidae (Nalepa 1904)[2]
OTHER NAMES: Eriophyes bucida, Eriophyes buceras Nalepa, 1904 (still in use); oxhorn bucida[3]
DISTINCTIONS: Causes intense rust-colored stains on sidewalks, driveways, and streets beneath canopy of host. The slender, 4- to 8-inch long fruit (ovary) mite gall looks like a hook-shaped green bean.
DATE, TIME: 27 April 2022, 2:10 pm
LOCALITY: between greenhouse and Fishtail Lake, Lely Palms, Naples, Florida 4113 USA
LATITUDE, LONGITUDE: 26.106780, -81.713658
DISTRIBUTION: Native to Caribbean, Central America, and northern South America. In USA, coastal extreme southern Florida and coastal SW California.[4]
HOST: Black Olive, Terminalia buceras Linnaeus, 1759
USE: Wood extremely hard, durable, and highly resistant to insects and fungi; bark tannin in leather processing; ornamental/shade tree.
DISPERSION: These mites can sail away on web parachutes.
OBSERVERS: Dr. Ernest H. Williams, Jr.[5,6,8,9] and Dr. Lucy Bunkley-Williams[5,7,8,10]
REFERENCES:
<>Caldwell, D. L. and A. D. Ali. 2016. Systemic Insecticides reduce staining caused by caterpillar frass and eriophyid mite galls of Oxhorn Bucida (“Black-olive”) trees. Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society 129: 246-248.
<>Williams, E. H., Jr. and L. Bunkley-Williams. 2023a. Black Olive, Terminalia buceras Linnaeus, in southwest Florida. Research Quality Report, iNaturalist #114921095, 7 December (open access) [658]
<> Williams, E. H., Jr. and L. Bunkley-Williams. 2022. A Common Name for the Oxhorn Mite, Colomerus bucidae (Nalepa). Research Quality Report, iNaturalist #155334768, 1 May 2022, ResearchGate (open access) [651]
FOOTNOTES:
[1]New common name; [2]Identification was peer-reviewed, text edited and sometimes condensed. For full text see reprint our reprint 651); [3]The curled galls are the inspiration for the common name, Oxhorn Bucida; [4]Controversy if tree native to Florida, but certainly introduced into California; [5]Extraordinary Professors, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, South Africa; Adjunct Professors, Research Field Station, Florida Gulf Coast University, 5164 Bonita Beach Road, Bonita Springs, FL 34134; [6]Dept. Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico (retired); [7]Dept. Biology, UPR (retired); [8]920 St. Andrews Blvd, Naples, FL 34113-8943; [9]e-mail ermest.williams1@upr.edu; ORCID 0000-0003-0913-3013; [10]e mail lucy.williams1@upr.edu, ORCID 0000-0003-1390-911x.

Figure A. Black Olive tree with LBW sitting on bench for perspective between green house (right) Fishtail Lake (left). The trees in distance to left, and to far left are also black olives.
Figure B. Closer view of trunk, limbs, and LBW
Figure C. Long spreading limb with developing fruit after blooming
Figure D. Deformation of leaves caused by Black-olive Mite.
Figures D-E. Inflorescences and blooms pasted prime. Shed enormous amounts of yellow pollen previously.
Figure E. Broadly oval leaves with rounded apexes and prominent central vein.
Figure F. Fruit “olives” beginning to form.

Fotos / Sonidos

Observ.

ernesthwilliams

Fecha

Octubre 19, 2023 a las 11:39 MAÑANA ADT

Descripción

SPECIES: Winterberry Holly, Ilex verticillate (Linnaeus, 1753)[1]
CULTIVARS: Many have been selected from the wild, but none have been created.
OTHER NAMES: Black alder, Canada holly, coralberry, fever bush, Michigan holly, and Winterberry
DISTINGUISHING: A deciduous shrub up to 1–5 m (3–16 ft) tall. Spreads into a dense thicket in wet sites, but remains a tight shrub in dry ones. Leaves glossy green, 3.5–9 cm (1.4–3.5 in) long, 1.5–3.5 cm (0.6–1.4 in) broad, with serrated margin and acute apex. Flowers small, 5 mm (0.2 in) in diameter, with 5-8 white petals. Fruit globose red drupe 6–8 mm (0.2–0.3 in) in diameter often persisting into the winter.
DATE, TIME: 19 oct 2023, 11:39 am
AIR TEMPERATURE: 42°F
LOCALITY: Prospect, Nova Scotia, Canada
LATITUDE, LONGITUDE: 44.47512, -63.79341
DISTRIBUTION: Native to eastern North America from Newfoundland west to Ontario and Minnesota and south to Alabama.
HABITAT: Occurs particularly in wetland habitats, but also on dry sand dunes and grassland. USE: Ornamental garden plants, Native Americans medicines, and an important food resource for some species of birds.
DANGER: Ingestion of berries, or other plant parts, causes nausea and low blood pressure in humans.
INPORTANCE: Wet-spreading behavior in a dry-hillside habitat.
SLIGHT NEW LOCALITY RECORD: Known from the east coast of Prince Edward Island close to our record but not exactly (GRIN, 2023).
OBSERVERS: Dr. Ernest H. Williams, Jr.,[2,3,5,6] and Dr. Lucy Bunkley-Williams[2,4,5,7]
REFERENCES:
<>GRIN. 2023. Ilex verticillata. Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture.
<>Williams, E. H., Jr. and L. Bunkley-Williams. 2023. Winterberry Holly, Ilex verticillate (Linnaeus) wet-spreading behavior in a dry-hillside habitat, and a slight New Locality Record on Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, Canada. Research Quality Report, iNaturalist #???, 4 December (open access) [906]
FOOTNOTES:
[1]Identification was peer-reviewed, text edited and sometimes condensed. The entire, original text is in our available reprint 906. [2]Extraordinary Professors, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, South Africa; Adjunct Professors, Research Field Station, Florida Gulf Coast University, 5164 Bonita Beach Road, Bonita Springs, FL 34134; [3]Dept. Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico (retired); [4]Dept. Biology, UPR (retired); [5]920 St. Andrews Blvd, Naples, FL 34113-8943; [6]e-mail ermest.williams1@upr.edu; ORCID 0000-0003-0913-3013; [7]e-mail lucy.williams1@upr.edu, ORCID 0000-0003-1390-911x.

Figure 1. Winterberry Holly berries and stems.
Figure 2. Wet-spreading behavior in a dry-hillside habitat.

Fotos / Sonidos

Qué

Pepino Cimarrón (Momordica charantia ssp. charantia)

Observ.

ernesthwilliams

Fecha

Noviembre 23, 2023 a las 08:00 MAÑANA EST

Descripción

NUMBER: 20231118
SPECIES: Bitter Melon, Momordica charantia Linnaeus, 1753[1]
OTHER NAMES: balsam apple, balsam melon, balsum pear, bitter gourd, cundeamor
DATE, TIME: 18 November 2023
DISTINCTIONS: Orange ridged fruit with red berries inside. Yellow flower with 5 pedals (have seen 3,4,6). Characteristic leaf compound with 5 complex leaflets. This specimen has bottom 2 mitten-shaped and a top trident of simple leaflets. Foliage is evil smelling.
LOCALITY: Queens Park, East Naples, Naples, Florida 34113
LATITUDE, LONGITUDE: 26.068626, -81.708446
DISTRIBUTION: Origin has been obscured by widespread food use. Possibly native to Africa and Australia but spread to Asia prehistorically. Now grown and naturalized throughout the tropics.
PREVIOUS REPORT: iNaturalist #91067546, EHW & LBW, 30 July 2021, 11:15-25; In woods off NW corner of Fishtail Lake, Lely Palms, Naples, Florida 34113; 26.1068, -81.7128;
DANGER: Pulp around seed edible when not ripe; mildly poisonous when ripe. Seed poisonous. Even EHW did not Taste Test.
USES: Leafy vine tips used in green salads; young fruits (green or yellow) used as vegetables. widely grown and consumed vegetable in Asia, East Africa, India, and South America. In cucumber family (Cucurbitaceae). Has some medically interesting properties and long used in herbal medicines.
SIMILAR SPECIES: none
IMPORTANCE: record of no particular scientific interest
OBSERVERS: Dr. Ernest H. Williams, Jr.,[2,3,5,6] and Dr. Lucy Bunkley-Williams[2,4,5,7]
FOOTNOTES:
[1]Identification was peer-reviewed, text edited and condensed. The entire, original text is only available in our field notes. [2]Extraordinary Professors, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, South Africa; Adjunct Professors, Research Field Station, Florida Gulf Coast University, 5164 Bonita Beach Road, Bonita Springs, FL 34134; [3]Dept. Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico (retired); [4]Dept. Biology, UPR (retired); [5]920 St. Andrews Blvd, Naples, FL 34113-8943; [6]e-mail ermest.williams1@upr.edu; ORCID 0000-0003-0913-3013; [7]e-mail lucy.williams1@upr.edu, ORCID 0000-0003-1390-911x.

Fotos / Sonidos

Observ.

ernesthwilliams

Fecha

Octubre 16, 2019

Descripción

NUMBER: 20191016
SPECIES: Oak Red Bolete, Xerocomus illudens (Peck, 1898)
OTHER NAMES: Boletsu illudens Peck, 1898, is also used (controversial)
DISTINGUISHING: Redish-brown to red cap upper surface (Fig. 1), begins concave and matures to flat, sometimes curling up on edges; long thin white stem; pores on cap under surface yellow.
DATE: 16 October 2023
LOCALITY: On southwest shore of Fishtail Lake, Lely Palms, Naples, Florida 34113.
LATITUDE, LONGITUDE: 26.105831, -81.713762
DISTRIBUTION: In North America, distributed from eastern Canada to South Carolina, and west to Alabama and Minnesota (Bessetts et al., 2000); also, in India, West Bengal, and Himalayas. We reported a New Locality for the State of Florida and other New Localities from iNaturalist (Williams and Bunkley-Williams, 2023b).
HABITAT: In the ground somewhat away from trees, but in a symbiotic relationship with oaks, or sometimes other hardwoods.
SIMILAR SPECIES: Both Xerocomus ferrugineus and X. subtomentosus can appear similar. The former grows under conifers, is usually larger, and features a distinctively lined, rather than reticulate, stem. The second species also grows under hardwoods but is usually larger.
IMPORTANCE: See Williams and Bunkley-Williams (2023).
OBSERVERS: Dr. Ernest H. Williams, Jr.,[2,3,5,6] and Dr. Lucy Bunkley-Williams[2,4,5,7]
REFERENCES:
<>Bessette, A. E., W. C. Roody, A. R. Bessette. 2000. North American Boletes. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. pp. 121–122. ISBN 978-0-8156-0588-1.
<>Kuo, M. 2023. Xerocomus illudens. Mushroom Expert. https://www.mushroomexpert.com/xerocomus_illudens.html
<>Williams, E. H., Jr. and L. Bunkley-Williams. 2023a. Considerable Geographic Range Extensions for Hardwood Covering Mushroom, Xeromphalina kauffmanii (Smith). iNaturalist #150391389, 6 March 2023 (open access), ResearchGate [808].
<>Williams, E. H., Jr. and L. Bunkley-Williams. 2023b. New Locality Records, a month late fruiting, and a Common Name for Oak Red Bolete, Xerocomus illudens (Peck). iNaturalist #191762453, 21 November 2023 (open access), ResearchGate [908].
FOOTNOTES:
[1]Identification was peer-reviewed, text sometimes edited and condensed. The original report is only in our field notes. [2]Extraordinary Professors, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, South Africa; Adjunct Professors, Research Field Station, Florida Gulf Coast University, 5164 Bonita Beach Road, Bonita Springs, FL 34134; [3]Dept. Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico (retired); [4]Dept. Biology, UPR (retired); [5]920 St. Andrews Blvd, Naples, FL 34113-8943; [6]e-mail ermest.williams1@upr.edu; ORCID 0000-0003-0913-3013; [7]e-mail lucy.williams1@upr.edu, ORCID 0000-0003-1390-911x

Figure 1. Two caps of Oak Red Bolete observed 16 October 2019.
Cap on left pushed up a vine that distorted its shape (just like Fig. 4)
Figure 2. Yellow pore surface under cap.
Figure 3. A deteriorated specimen.

Fotos / Sonidos

Observ.

ernesthwilliams

Fecha

Noviembre 21, 2023 a las 04:30 TARDE EST

Descripción

NUMBER: 20231121
SPECIES: Oak Red Bolete,[1] Xerocomus illudens (Peck, 1898)[2]
OTHER NAMES: Boletsu illudens Peck, 1898, is also used (controversial)
DISTINGUISHING: Redish-brown to red cap upper surface (Fig. 1), begins concave and matures to flat, sometimes curling up on edges; long thin white stem; pores on cap under surface yellow (Fig. 3).
DATE, TIME: 21 November 2023; 4:30 PM
LOCALITY: On southwest shore of Fishtail Lake, Lely Palms, Naples, Florida 34113 (Fig. 4).
LATITUDE, LONGITUDE: 26.105831, -81.713762
DISTRIBUTION: In North America, distributed from eastern Canada to South Carolina, and west to Alabama and Minnesota (Bessetts et al., 2000); also, in India, West Bengal, and Himalayas. We report a New Locality for the State of Florida and other New Localities from iNaturalist. The Mexican iNaturalist record seems incorrect.

Table 1. New Localities for Oak Red Bolete
Date Location Latitude, Longitude Source Number St
21 Jul 2012 Gadsden County 30.492446, -84.524512 iNaturalist 71387126 FL
29 Jul 2012 LaBelle 26.610216, -81.350215 iNaturalist 103698439 FL
16 Oct 2019 SW Fishtail Lake 26.105831, -81.713762 EHW & LBW unpubl. data FL
00 July 2021 Lakewood Ranch 27.393258, -82.461222 iNaturalist 187071084 FL
18 Jun 2022 Yeehay 27.311454, -80.840606 iNaturalist 122333086 FL
09 Jul 2022 Oviedo 28.678932, -81.117431 iNaturalist 125494075 FL
03 Jul 2023 Lake County 29.013369, -81.403572 iNaturalist 187153766 FL
21 Nov 2023 SW Fishtail Lake 26.105831, -81.713762 EHW & LBW 2023 FL

St=State

HABITAT: In the ground somewhat away from trees, but in a symbiotic relationship with oaks, or sometimes other hardwoods.
SIMILAR SPECIES: Both Xerocomus ferrugineus and X. subtomentosus can appear similar. The former grows under conifers, is usually larger, and features a distinctively lined, rather than reticulate, stem. The second species also grows under hardwoods but is usually larger.
PERIOD OF STUDY: We photographed two fruiting bodies of this same species, in the exact location, 16 October 2019 (Fig. 2). One of these (Fig. 2: left) pushed up a vine that distorted its shape exactly like the cap in Figure 3 upper right. We did not see this fungi’s fruiting bodies there in 2020-2022.

IMPORTANCE: New Locality Records, a month late fruiting, and a New Common Name.
OBSERVERS: Dr. Ernest H. Williams, Jr.,[3,4,6,7] and Dr. Lucy Bunkley-Williams[3,5,6,8]
REFERENCES:
<>Bessette, A. E., W. C. Roody, A. R. Bessette. 2000. North American Boletes. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. pp. 121–122. ISBN 978-0-8156-0588-1.
<>Kuo, M. 2023. Xerocomus illudens. Mushroom Expert. https://www.mushroomexpert.com/xerocomus_illudens.html
<>Williams, E. H., Jr. and L. Bunkley-Williams. 2023a. Considerable Geographic Range Extensions for Hardwood Covering Mushroom, Xeromphalina kauffmanii (Smith). iNaturalist #150391389, 6 March 2023 (open access), ResearchGate [808].
<>Williams, E. H., Jr. and L. Bunkley-Williams. 2023b. New Locality Records, a month late fruiting, and a Common Name for Oak Red Bolete, Xerocomus illudens (Peck). iNaturalist #191762453, 21 November 2023 (open access), ResearchGate [908].
FOOTNOTES:
[1]No apparent common name; this one suggested. [2]Identification was peer-reviewed, text sometimes edited and condensed. The original text is in our reprint #908 and ResearchBase. [3]Extraordinary Professors, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, South Africa; Adjunct Professors, Research Field Station, Florida Gulf Coast University, 5164 Bonita Beach Road, Bonita Springs, FL 34134; [4]Dept. Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico (retired); [5]Dept. Biology, UPR (retired); [6]920 St. Andrews Blvd, Naples, FL 34113-8943; [7]e-mail ermest.williams1@upr.edu; ORCID 0000-0003-0913-3013; [8]e-mail lucy.williams1@upr.edu, ORCID 0000-0003-1390-911x

Figure 1. Oak Red Bolete Brownish-red cap and yellow stem (left) and reddish cap and white stem (right)
Figure 2. Two caps of Oak Red Bolete observed 16 October 2019.
Cap on left pushed up a vine that distorted its shape (just like Fig. 4)
Figure 3. Cap spore pores yellow (right), older pores brown, red on stem (left)
Figure 4. Left black cap deteriorated, right cap pushed up a vine that
distorted its shape, and 6-inch ruler (lower center)

Fotos / Sonidos

Qué

Culebra Ratonera de Estados Unidos (Pantherophis guttatus)

Observ.

ernesthwilliams

Fecha

Octubre 30, 2023 a las 11:06 MAÑANA EDT

Descripción

NUMBER: 20231030
SPECIES: Red Cornsnake, Pantherophis guttatus (Linnaeus, 1766)
COLOR MORPH: Top Spotted. This unusual color morph has a series of large ringed spots on top (dorsal) and light-colored lateral marginal lines visible from above. These lines make the head oddly appear broad (=dangerous). This coloration is quite attractive and could be valuable as a stable color morph. It may be the most common (40% of 10) color morph of the Red Cornsnake in southwest Florida.
OTHER COLOR MORPHS: 830 morphs are known. Most have been developed in captivity, but some occur naturally. The Top Spotted Morph appears to be somewhat similar to the Okeetee Morph but that is only known in the wild from South Carolina (Johnathan, 2021).
DATE: 30 October 2023
LOCALITY: Urban Estates, Vineyard, Florida 34117 USA
LATITUDE, LONGITUDE: 26.215798, -81.717046
OBSERVERS: Dr. Ernest H. Williams, Jr.,[2,3,5,6] and Dr. Lucy Bunkley-Williams[2,4,5,7]
REFERENCES:
<>Johnathan, D. 2021. Corn Snake morphs. Everything Reptiles. https://www.everythingreptiles.com/40-corn-snake-morphs/
<>Williams, E. H., Jr. and L. Bunkley-Williams. 2020. New Locality Record for the Corn Snake, Pantherophis guttatus (Linnaeus, 1766) in South Naples, Florida. Research Quality Report, iNaturalist #38479538, 9 January (open access) [459]
<>Williams, E. H., Jr. and L. Bunkley-Williams. 2020. An unusual Top-Spotted color morph of the Red Cornsnake, Pantherophis guttatus (Linnaeus, 1766). Research Quality Report, iNaturalist #67107678, 14 December (open access) [529]
<>Williams, E. H., Jr. and L. Bunkley-Williams. 2021a. Another Top-Spotted color morph of the Red Cornsnake, Pantherophis guttatus (Linnaeus). Research Quality Report, iNaturalist # 79226089, 16 April (open access) [557]
<>Williams, E. H., Jr. and L. Bunkley-Williams. 2021b. The new Top-Spotted color morph in the Red Cornsnake, Pantherophis guttatus (Linnaeus) occurs commonly in the Naples, FL, area. Research Quality Report, iNaturalist # 91111579, 14 August (open access) [584]
<>Williams, E. H., Jr. and L. Bunkley-Williams. 2023. Top Spotted may be the most common color morph of the Red Cornsnake, Pantherophis guttatus (Linnaeus) in southwest Florida. Research Quality Report, iNaturalist #???, 16 November (open access) [904]
FOOTNOTES:
[1]Identification was peer-reviewed, text edited and sometimes condensed. The entire, original text is in our available reprint 904. [2]Extraordinary Professors, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, South Africa; Adjunct Professors, Research Field Station, Florida Gulf Coast University, 5164 Bonita Beach Road, Bonita Springs, FL 34134; [3]Dept. Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico (retired); [4]Dept. Biology, UPR (retired); [5]920 St. Andrews Blvd, Naples, FL 34113-8943; [6]e-mail ermest.williams1@upr.edu; ORCID 0000-0003-0913-3013; [7]e-mail lucy.williams1@upr.edu, ORCID 0000-0003-1390-911x.

Figure A. Top spotted color pattern
Figure B. Anterior dorsal view
Figure C. Whole snake dorsal

Fotos / Sonidos

Observ.

ernesthwilliams

Fecha

Diciembre 25, 2020 a las 01:00 TARDE MST

Descripción

NUMBER: 20191225-2
SPECIES: Mange Mite, Sarcoptes scabiei (Linnaeus, 1758)
OTHER NAMES: Burrowing mite, itch mite
SUBSPECIES: Canine Burrowing Mite,[4] Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis
DATE, TIME: 25 December 2019, 1 PM
SIZE: adult
LOCALITY: Sol y Lomas, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87505 USA
LATITUDE, LONGITUDE: 35º38’33.00” N, 105º55’58.44” W (35.6425, -105.9329)
HABITAT: dry woods
ALTITUDE: 334.3 m (7500 ft, 1.42 mi)
HOST: Coyote, Canis latrans Say, 1823
HOST CONDITION: Skinny with missing fur and crusty, scaly skin (Sarcoptic Mange).[2] Obviously sick and starving (Gier et al., 1978).
HOST BEHAVIOR: A couple drove up for our Christmas party, but mysteriously did not get out of their car. Finally, their son went out to check on them and ‘rescued’ them from a coyote beside their car. Once they came in and told us, EHW eased outside with a camera. He saw the animal but did not obtain decent photos. The animal must have been attracted by the smell of the foods the couple was bringing to the party. Murray et al. (2015) and ACP (2017) noted Coyotes with serious mange, in desperation, seek out anthropogenic (human sourced) food. Dry dog food had been put out in the yard for American Crows, Corvus brachyrhynchos Brehm, 1822. The Coyote had tracked all over the area, but apparently, and oddly, did not eat the dog food. Coyotes are nocturnal and active at dawn and dusk. However, ones with severe mange are active during the day (Otto, 2017) as was the present specimen.
OTHER SPECIES: EHW saw a Desert Cottontail, Sylvilagus audubonii (Baird, 1858), in the area. Thus, appropriate prey was available.
DAMAGE: The Canine Burrowing Mite,[4] Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis causes mange. It prefers Coyotes; Domestic Dogs, Canin familaris Linnaeus, 1758; and other canids. But can infect humans, cats, horses, and primates.
COMMENTS: Kessler (2017) suggested that Coyotes consume small mammals impaired by warfarin3. This usually does not kill Coyotes (except in many, multiple doses), but may cause them to be more susceptible to other diseases such as mange. This may help to explain the increases in mange. These cases are in an upscale community where the use of warfarin-containing products is probably common.
IMPORTANCE: Mite infections (and thus mange) were once rare in Coyotes (Gier et al., 1978), but now have become more common, destructive, and worthy of documentation. There was also mange in Coyotes in this same locality late last December (AGB, unpubl. Data).
OBSERVERS: Dr. Ernest H. Williams, Jr.[5,6,8,9] and Dr. Lucy Bunkley-Williams[5,7,8,10]
REFERENCES:
ACP. 2017. Coyotes and mage. Atlanta Coyote Project. https://atlantacoyoteproject.org/2017/12/coyotes-and-mange/
Gier, H. T., S. M. Kruckenberg, and R. J. Marler.1978. Parasites and diseases of coyotes. Pages 37-71, In: Bekoff, M. (ed.). Coyotes: biology, behavior, and management. New York: Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-930665-42-2. OCLC 52626838.
Kessler, J. T. 2017. Rat poison in smaller doses – When it doesn’t kill right off. Coyote Yipps https://coyoteyipps.com/category/rat-poison/
Otto, P. 2017. Mange-stricken Coyotes come out in the day. https://kanecountyconnects.com/2017/05/mange-stricken-coyotes-come-out-during-the-day/
Williams, E. H., Jr. and L. Bunkley-Williams. 2020. Recurring apparently lethal Sarcoptic Mange in Coyotes, Canus latrans Say, 1823, in Santa Fe, New Mexico. Research Quality Report, iNaturalist #38586905, 12 February (open access) [464]

FOOTNOTES:
[1]Identification was peer-reviewed, text sometimes edited and condensed. The entire, original text is in our reprint 464. [2]Caused by a heavy infection of Canine Burrowing Mite.[4] Highly infectious to other animals, but rarely humans. Chronic Sarcoptic Mange causes poor condition and often death in Coyotes (Gier et al., 1978). [3]Warfrin in rat poison almost killed one of our dogs. Ironically, at a time EHW was being treated with warfrin (not from same source). [4]Suggested new common name. [5]Extraordinary Professors, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, South Africa; Adjunct Professors, Research Field Station, Florida Gulf Coast University, 5164 Bonita Beach Road, Bonita Springs, FL 34134; [6]Dept. Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico (retired); [7]Dept. Biology, UPR (retired); [8]920 St. Andrews Blvd, Naples, FL 34113-8943; [9]e-mail ermest.williams1@upr.edu; cell 239-227-3645, ORCID 0000-0003-0913-3013; [10]Cell 787-467-2179, e-mail lucy.williams1@upr.edu, ORCID 0000-0003-1390-911x.

Fotos / Sonidos

Observ.

ernesthwilliams

Fecha

Noviembre 5, 2023 a las 03:07 TARDE EST

Descripción

NUMBER: 20231105
SPECIES Cuban Brown Snail, Zachrysia provisoria (Pfeiffer, 1858)[1]
LOCALITY: Parking lot outside Naples Botanical Garden
LATITUDE, LONGITUDE: 26.10639, -81.77130
DATE: 5 November 2023, 3:07 PM
OTHER DATA: see references below
IMPORTANCE: Part of survey of this species.
OBSERVERS: Dr. Ernest H. Williams, Jr.,[2,3,5,6] and Dr. Lucy Bunkley-Williams[2,4,5,7]
REFERENCES:
Williams, E. H., Jr. and L. Bunkley-Williams. 2020a. Incomplete, incorrect, and never explained results in “Geographic distribution of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in wild rats (Rattus rattus) and terrestrial snails in Florida, USA.” PLoS ONE 12(5): e0177910. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177910 [469]
Williams, E. H., Jr. and L. Bunkley-Williams. 2020. The destructive, exotic, Cuban Brown Land Snail, Zachrysia provisoria (Pfeiffer, 1858), is more common in southwest Florida (USA) than previously reported. Research Quality Report, iNaturalist #40734657, 11 March (open access) [472]
Williams, E. H., Jr. and L. Bunkley-Williams. 2022. A slight Locality Record of the Cuban Brown Land Snail, Zachrysia provisoria (Pfeiffer), in southwest Florida (USA). Research Quality Report, iNaturalist #145509911, 31 December (open access) [744]
Williams, E. H., Jr. and L. Bunkley-Williams. 2022. Another slight Locality Record of the Cuban Brown Land Snail, Zachrysia provisoria (Pfeiffer), in southwest Florida (USA). Research Quality Report, iNaturalist #145553714, 31 December (open access) [745].
FOOTNOTES:
[1]Identification was peer-reviewed, text edited and sometimes condensed. The original text is only in our field notes. [2]Extraordinary Professors, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, South Africa; Adjunct Professors, Research Field Station, Florida Gulf Coast University, 5164 Bonita Beach Road, Bonita Springs, FL 34134; [3]Dept. Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico (retired); [4]Dept. Biology, UPR (retired); [5]920 St. Andrews Blvd, Naples, FL 34113-8943; [6]e-mail ermest.williams1@upr.edu; ORCID 0000-0003-0913-3013; [7]e-mail lucy.williams1@upr.edu, ORCID 0000-0003-1390-911x

Fotos / Sonidos

Observ.

ernesthwilliams

Fecha

Octubre 12, 2023 a las 03:14 TARDE EDT

Descripción

NUMBER: 20231012
SPECIES: Southeastern Myotis, Myotis austroriparius (Rhoads, 1897)
OTHER NAMES: southeastern Bat
DISTINGUISHING: Medium-sized to small bat with gray to brown dorsal fur and yellowish to white belly fur.
COLLECTION: EHW was carrying dead palm fronds when he felt something trying to bite him. Having been bitten by everything on the land and in the sea, he recognized the attempt. EHW threw down the fronds and took a collection plastic bag from his pocket. He captured and photographed a bat. The specimen was held until dark to keep the released bat from day-time predation. All bats in Florida are protected.
DATE, TIME: 12 October 2023, 3:14 PM
LOCALITY: 920 St. Andrews, Naples, Florida 34113
LONGITUDE, LATITUDE: 26.10716, 81.71515
DISTRIBUTION: Found throughout the Gulf Coastal Plain and the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Plain of the southeastern United States. Majority of the population lives in the northern half of the peninsula of Florida. Although this population has drastically declined there and in other parts of its range. iNaturalist reports records slightly outside the known range including New State Records in Virginia. We present a New Record for southwest Florida.
IDENTIFICATION: Our bat expert, Jessie P. Bunkley,[2] identified the specimen to genus from our photographs.
STATUS: Up to 250,000 have been documented as lost in caves in northern Florida, rare or extirpated from many areas in the lower Ohio River Valley. A species of special concern (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service). Continuing decline documented in many areas.
DANGEROUS: Bats have an undeserved reputation for frequently infecting humans with rabies. This very rarely occurs. Our rabid Racoon (Williams and Bunkley-Williams, 2019) was far more dangerous.
IMPORANTANCE: The steady decline in numbers of this species is a cause for concern. A species both expanding its range, while declining in numbers, is unusual and unexplained.
OBSERVERS: Dr. Ernest H. Williams, Jr.,[3,4,6,7] and Dr. Lucy Bunkley-Williams[3,5,6,8]
REFERENCES:
<>Anonymous. 2023. Southeastern Myotis (Myotis austroriparius). Field Guide to Florida Bats. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. https://myfwc.com/conservation/you-conserve/wildlife/bats/field-guide/southeastern-myotis/
<>Williams, E. H., Jr. and L. Bunkley-Williams. 2019. Close observation of a probable, rabid Florida Raccoon, Procyon lotor elucus Bangs, in Lely Palms, Naples, Florida. Research Quality Report, iNaturalist #33800896, 3 October (open access) [432]
<>Williams, E. H., Jr. and L. Bunkley-Williams. 2023. New SW Florida Geographic Record of Southeastern Myotis, Myotis austroriparius (Rhoads), in Lely Palms, Naples: A species expanding its range while declining in numbers. Research Quality Report, iNaturalist #???, 6 October (open access) [903]
FOOTNOTES:
[1]Identification was peer-reviewed, text edited and sometimes condensed. The original text is in our reprint #903 and ResearchBase. [2]See her publications in ResearchGate. [3]Extraordinary Professors, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, South Africa; Adjunct Professors, Research Field Station, Florida Gulf Coast University, 5164 Bonita Beach Road, Bonita Springs, FL 34134; [4]Dept. Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico (retired); [5]Dept. Biology, UPR (retired); [6]920 St. Andrews Blvd, Naples, FL 34113-8943; [7]e-mail ermest.williams1@upr.edu; ORCID 0000-0003-0913-3013; [8]e-mail lucy.williams1@upr.edu, ORCID 0000-0003-1390-911x

Fotos / Sonidos

Qué

Gaviota Plateada (Larus argentatus)

Observ.

ernesthwilliams

Fecha

Octubre 19, 2023 a las 12:23 TARDE ADT

Descripción

NUMBER: 20231019-5.
SPECIES: Herring Gull, Larus argentatus Pontoppidan, 1763 [1]
OTHER NAMES: European Herring Gull; Lesser Black-backed Gull, Larus fuscus Linnaeus, 1758/Herring Gull Complex contains from 2 to 8 species and 5 recognized subspecies; American Herring Gull, Larus smithsonianus Coues, 1862 (accepted by some authorities)
DISTINCTIONS: Adult breeding a robust gull with yellow bill and a red (non-breeding = black) lower mandible spot; pale gray primary wings, black wing tips, and black and white (mirrows) tip edge. Head and neck white (non-breeding streaked with gray) (Figs. 1-3). Juveniles are slim, long-winged, with black bill and whitish bodies marked with brown blotches (Fig. 4). Second winter (American) heavily streaked throughout with black tip of bill. Beginning to acquire a few pale-gray feathers on their back, black wing tips (Fig. 5).
DATE: 19 October 2023, 12:23 PM
HABITAT: Swimming in cove near shore or on rock (Fig. 3).
TEMPERATURE: AIR: 58F
LOCALITY: Peggys Cove, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
LATITUDE, LONGITUDE: 44.49353, -63.91516
KNOWN DISTRIBUTION: The species complex is Circum-Northern Hemisphere. Unit range is about as complicated as the taxonomy.
USE: In the 19th Century hunted for feathers and eggs, but now protected most places.
STATUS: Over hunted early on; then protected and recovered; now declining again. Audubon’s analysis of its future decreased range based on Global Warming seems a bit pessimistic. But they do suggest human food sources near the coast may save it (Anonymous, 2023). We think the bird has a better future. Such a widespread, highly mobile, intelligent, adaptive, strong, tough, long-lived, and indiscriminate animal should fare well in Global Change. Herring Gulls and other seagulls have already moved from disturbed and overfished coasts to urban areas adopting different foods and habits. We predict it will become an indicator species.
SIMILAR SPECIES: Great Black-backed Gull, Larus marinus Linnaeus, 1758, has many shared characters including a red dot on the lower mandible; however, their bodies are much larger.
IMPORTANCE:
OBSERVERS: Dr. Ernest H. Williams, Jr.,[3,4,6,7] and Dr. Lucy Bunkley-Williams[3,5,6,8]
REFERENCES:
<>Anonymous. 2023. Herring Gull. Audubon Climate Report. https://climate2014.audubon.org/birds/hergul/herring-gull
<>Williams, E. H., Jr., and L. Bunkley-Williams. 2023. A squabble of the declining to endangered Herring Gull, Larus argentatus Pontoppidan, in Peggys Cove, Halifax. iNaturalist #???, 3 November 2023 (open access), ResearchGate [901].
FOOTNOTES:
[1]Identification was peer-reviewed, text edited and sometimes condensed. The original text is in our reprint #901 and ResearchGate. [2]Extraordinary Professors, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, South Africa; Adjunct Professors, Research Field Station, Florida Gulf Coast University, 5164 Bonita Beach Road, Bonita Springs, FL 34134; [3]Dept. Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico (retired); [4]Dept. Biology, UPR (retired); [5]920 St. Andrews Blvd, Naples, FL 34113-8943; [6]e-mail ermest.williams1@upr.edu; ORCID 0000-0003-0913-3013; [7]e-mail lucy.williams1@upr.edu, ORCID 0000-0003-1390-911x

Figure 1. Non-breeding Herring Gull
Figure 2. Non-breeding Herring Gull
Figure 3. Non-breeding Herring Gull
Figure 4. Juvenile Herring Gull
Figure 5. Second winter (American) Herring Gull

Fotos / Sonidos

Observ.

ernesthwilliams

Fecha

Octubre 19, 2023 a las 11:20 MAÑANA ADT

Descripción

NUMBER: 20231019-4.
SPECIES: Japanese Knotweed, Reynoutria japonica Houttuijn, 1777[1]
OTHER NAMES: Japanese Knotweed, Polygonum cuspidatum Siebold and Zuccarini, 1846.
DISTINCTIONS: Various leaf shapes (heart-shaped, shield-shaped, lanceolate, etc.) and venation sometimes make identification difficult (Figs. 1, 4). Leaves with a truncated base, green with dark green veins, 7–14 cm (3–5.5 in) long and 5–12 cm (2–4.5 in) broad, with an entire margin. New leaves are dark red. Small stems in zigzag patterns, larger stems hollow with bamboo-like joints (Fig. 3). Stems 3-4 m (10-13 ft) tall. Flowers small, cream or white, on erect racemes (unbranched enflorescence) 6–15 cm (2.5–6 in) long in late summer and early autumn.
DATE: 19 October 2023, 11:20 AM
HABITAT: Highly tolerant to a variety of soils, conditions, environments. Said to be benefiting from Global Warming. Also an obvious candidate to benefit from Global Change.
TEMPERATURE: AIR: 56F
LOCALITY: Prospect Village, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
LATITUDE, LONGITUDE: 44.47101, -63.79210
KNOWN DISTRIBUTION: Native to Amur, China North-Central, China South-Central, China Southeast, Hainan, Japan, Khabarovsk, Korea, Kuril Is., Manchuria, Nansei-shoto, Primorye, Sakhalin, and Taiwan (Kew, 2023).

Introduced into:
ASIA: Vietnam.
EUROPE: Austria, Baltic States, Belgium, Bulgaria, Central European Russia, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Transcaucasus, Ukraine, Yugoslavia.
CANADA: British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Prince Edward I., Québec, Nova Scotia, Ontario,
USA: Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, North Carolina, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin.
OCEANIA: Tasmania, Australia; New Zealand North and New Zealand South, New Zealand (Kew, 2023).

Table 1. New Geographic Records of Japanese Knotweed[2]
Geographic Area Locality Latitude, Longitude New Date

AFRICA C

Island of Portugal Madeira 32.754699, -17.021653 c,I,st 19 Apr 2018
South Africa Phalaborwa -23.95162, 31.143308 c 18 May 2023

ASIA

Georgia MPR4+FCW, Batumi 41.691047, 41.706928 c,st 29 Aug 2023
Khobi, Samegrelo-Zemo 42.092483, 41.697597 st 28 Sep 2023
Tbilisi 42.92497, 42.104878 st 27 Sep 2021
Hong Kong Sai Kung 22.374089, 114.265054 c,st 23 Sep 2023
India Nandod, Narmada, Gujarat 21.886171, 73.315154 c,st 03 Aug 2020
Sailashree Vihar 20.332906, 85.806981 st 22 Oct 2021
Central Park 17.72269, 83.306672 st 10 Jul 2023
Kazakhstan Akhmed`iarov St, Almaty 43.21729, 76.946961 c,st 14 Nov 2021
Malasia Selangor 3.207526, 101.607965 c,st 28 Jul 2021
Taman Pekaka, 11700 G 5.349705, 100.2924 st 10 Apr 2015
Philippines Banago, Bacolod, Negros 10.715009, 122.957631 c,I,st 26 Apr 2021
Mt. San Cristobal, Laguna 14.064802, 121.460724 st 20 Jun 2015
Singapore Pasir Ris Park 1.378858, 103.949695 c,E 24 Apr 2022
central Russia Томск, Томская обл. 56.47005, 84.949619 st 14 May 2019
Новосибирский р-н 54.922588, 83.016785 st 01 May 2022
Нижний Тагил 57.893746, 59.99977 st 09 Oct 2020
Берёзовая улица 57.106656, 65.458095 st 28 Aug 2021
Ханты-Мансийск. 60.980367, 69.040927 st 07 Jun 2021
southeastern Russia Советский р-н. 43.223197, 131.987026 st,I 19 Sep 2023
Ленинская улица. 53.017528, 158.648178 st 11 May 2022
Thailand Khek Noi, Khao Kho 16.806856, 100.966614 c,st 01 Oct 2022
Muang Phetchaburi 13.087259, 99.94953 st 22 Apr 2023
EUROPE

Belarus Слуцк, Беларусь 53.025081, 27.546529 c,st 16 Jun 2020
Климовичи, Беларусь 53.619444, 31.943056 st 12 Jun 2023
Greece Thessaloniki 546 34 40.641031, 22.959458 c,st 25 Sep 2022
Ukraine Велика Кісниця 48.1391, 28.447 c,st 16 Jun 2020
Суворовский район 46.561436, 30.740238 st 15 Nov 2022
Moldova Буюканы, Кишинёв 47.032472, 28.811166 c,st 04 Jun 2022

NORTH AMERICA

Canada, Alberta Edmonton 53.543718, -113.470081 st 19 Jun 2023
Mexico Chihuahua, Chihuahua 28.640175, -106.089102 c,st 28 Apr 2019
Pluma Hidalgo, Oaxaca 15.909529, -96.421424 st 12 Apr 2022
USA, Nevada 4321 Rio Poco Rd, Reno 39.477636, -119.754602 st 20 Aug 2018
North Dakota Julia Ave, Williston 48.257888, -103.643945 st 15 May 2019
Texas Pluma Hidalgo, Oaxaca 15.909529, -96.421424 st 12 Apr 2022

OCEANIA

Australia (mainland) Sydney -33.71273, 151.10974 I 23 Nov 2022

SOUTH AMERICA C

Chile Chiloé, Los Lagos -42.149964, -73.491072 c 14 Jan 2021
Chile, Antarctic Punta Arenas -53.163993, -70.899983 S,Z 25 Jan 2023

C=continent, c=country, E=equatorial, I=island, R=region, S=furthest south, st=state, Z=Zone
[2]Representative, not complete, iNaturalist records

USE: Originally introduced as a bamboo-like ornamental and for erosion control. Soon recognized as a destructive pest, but not eliminated. New sprouts edible raw or cooked and has a Rhubarb-like taste. Used in herbal medicines.
CONTROL: Very difficult
STATUS: One of the world’s worst invasive species.

SIMILAR SPECIES: Bohemian Knotweed [hybrid of Japanese Knotweed x Giant Knotweed], Reynoutria × bohemica Chrtek and Chrtková, 1983, has larger, more elongate, and less truncate based leaves. Giant Knotweed Reynoutria sachalinensis also has larger, more elongate, and less truncate based leaves. Flower racemes are shorter and wider.
IMPORTANCE: Will eventually occur worldwide since now Antarctic and equatorial (Table 1), and Western Palearctic (Norway, 69.74207, 18.982709, May 2020) or in North Frigid Zone to in South Frigid Zone.
OBSERVERS: Dr. Ernest H. Williams, Jr.,[3,4,6,7] and Dr. Lucy Bunkley-Williams[3,5,6,8]
REFERENCES:
<>Kew. 2023. Reynoutria japonica Houtt. Plants of the world Online. Kew Royal Botantical Gardens. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:435655-1
<>Williams, E. H., Jr., and L. Bunkley-Williams. 2023. Japanese Knotweed, Reynoutria japonica Houttuijn, a dangerous invasive, taking over the world as evidenced by New Geographic Records for 2 continents, 16 countries, 4 islands, and 34 states. iNaturalist #???, 2 November 2023 (open access), ResearchGate [901].
FOOTNOTES:
[1]Identification was peer-reviewed, text edited and sometimes condensed. The original text is in our reprint #901 and ResearchGate. [2]Representative, not complete, iNaturalist records.
[3]Extraordinary Professors, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, South Africa; Adjunct Professors, Research Field Station, Florida Gulf Coast University, 5164 Bonita Beach Road, Bonita Springs, FL 34134; [4]Dept. Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico (retired); [5]Dept. Biology, UPR (retired); [6]920 St. Andrews Blvd, Naples, FL 34113-8943; [7]e-mail ermest.williams1@upr.edu; ORCID 0000-0003-0913-3013; [8]e-mail lucy.williams1@upr.edu, ORCID 0000-0003-1390-911x

Figure 1. Leaves and stems of Japanese Knotweed
Figure 2. Japanese Knotweed new growth in foreground, old growth in background
Figure 3. Japanese Knotweed zig-zag small stem and bamboo-like larger stems covering ground and excluding native plants.
Figure 4. Japanese Knotweed various leaf shapes and venations.

Fotos / Sonidos

Qué

Macarela Azul (Scomber scombrus)

Observ.

ernesthwilliams

Fecha

Octubre 19, 2023 a las 10:30 MAÑANA ADT

Descripción

NUMBER: 20231019-3
SPECIES: Atlantic Mackerel, Scomber scombrus Linnaeus, 1758[1]
OTHER NAMES: Mackerel, Boston mackerel, Norwegian mackerel, Scottish mackerel
DISTINCTIONS: Greenish-yellow back with cross-hatched pattern on juveniles (Fig. 1). Body elongate, steel-blue marked with wavy black lines dorsally and silvery-white ventrally (Fig. 2), snout long and pointed. Possesses 2 far spaced spiny dorsal fins, 2 pectoral fins (Fig. 4), far spaced small caudal and anal fins, 4-6 dorsal finlets and 5 anal finlets. Body tapers down its length.
DATE: 19 October 2023, 10:30 AM
PHOTOGRAPHS: EHW took a long series of terrible photos (Figs. 1-4). Juveniles surfaced and dove rather fast. He should have taken videos.
HABITAT: Swimming in schools and feeding at surface
TEMPERATURE: WATER: 54F AIR: 56F
LOCALITY: Hennesseys Island, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
LATITUDE, LONGITUDE: 44.45103, -63.72600
KNOWN DISTRIBUTION: Often common in Temperate North Atlantic coastal areas, less common further north and in the Mediterranean.
USE: Heavy commercial fishing; sport fishing; bait fish; forage fish; and important tuna, billfish, jack, larger mackerel, and marine mammal food item
TASTE: Strong taste and odor; however, popular; high oil content and omega-3 fatty acids
GOOD: relatively low mercury content
STATUS: No longer sustainable; declining, and confusing; declining in NE Atlantic since 2015; overuse damages higher food chain. Greater value predacious fishes and marine mammals may be affected, particularly in this time of Global Change.
SIMILAR SPECIES: Atlantic Chub Mackerel, Scomber colias Gmelin, 1789, has a larger eye approximately half depth of head, vs much less; also, more rotund, brown spots on bottom half (ventral) of body, and snout not pointed.
IMPORTANCE: Atlantic Mackerel stocks are declining. Documented records are useful for following these widespread fish.
OBSERVERS: Dr. Ernest H. Williams, Jr.,[2,3,5,6] and Dr. Lucy Bunkley-Williams[2,4,5,7]
REFERENCES:
<>Williams, E. H., Jr., and L. Bunkley-Williams. 2023. Widespread Atlantic Mackerel, Scomber scombrus Linnaeus, stocks no longer sustainable, making documented records important. iNaturalist #???, 29 October 2023 (open access), ResearchGate [900].
FOOTNOTES:
[1]Identification was peer-reviewed, text edited and sometimes condensed. The original text is in our reprint #900 and ResearchBase. [2]Extraordinary Professors, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, South Africa; Adjunct Professors, Research Field Station, Florida Gulf Coast University, 5164 Bonita Beach Road, Bonita Springs, FL 34134; [3]Dept. Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico (retired); [4]Dept. Biology, UPR (retired); [5]920 St. Andrews Blvd, Naples, FL 34113-8943; [6]e-mail ermest.williams1@upr.edu; ORCID 0000-0003-0913-3013; [7]e-mail lucy.williams1@upr.edu, ORCID 0000-0003-1390-911x

Figure 1. Atlantic Mackerel juveniles; 1 near the surface (upper) several below (center)
Figure 2. Atlantic Mackerel 2 juveniles swirling near the surface. Pale unmarked belly.
Figure 3. Juvenile Atlantic Mackerel swirling near the surface.
Figure 4. Atlantic Mackerel 2 juveniles feeding near the surface. Dark short pectoral fins.

Fotos / Sonidos

Observ.

ernesthwilliams

Fecha

Octubre 19, 2023 a las 11:00 MAÑANA ADT

Descripción

NUMBER: 20231019-2
SPECIES: Bladderworth Wrack, Fucus vesicolosus Linnaeus, 1753[1]
OTHER NAMES: Saw Wrack (iNaturalist)
DISTINCTIONS: A large brown algae with broad, flat, branched fronds, which have a central ridge, and can extend up to 2 m (6.6 ft); air bladders (vesicles) spherical with stems.
DATE: 19 October 2023, 11:00 AM
HABITAT: On tidal lines (Figs. 1, 2).
TEMPERATURE: WATER: 54F AIR: 56F
LOCALITY: Hennesseys Island, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
LATITUDE, LONGITUDE: 44.45103, -63.72600
KNOWN DISTRIBUTION: found in the Baltic Sea, Faroes, Norway (including Spitsbergen), Sweden, Britain, Ireland, the Atlantic coast of France, Spain and Morocco, Madeira, the Azores, Portugal, the North Sea coast of Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium and the eastern shores of the United States and Canada . (Guiry, 2022).
NEW DISTRIBUTION RECORDS:
87 New Geographic Records including 1 from western Québec, 3 Newfoundland, 1 St.-Pierre-et-Miquelon, 12 New Brunswick, and 70 Prince Edward Island (Table 1). All of these records are relatively recent (2018-2023), further north, generally increasing (N=2, 5, 9, 7, 38, 26, respectively), and may represent the effect of Global Change (Table 2).

Table 1. New Geographic Localities[2] and dates of Bladderworth Wrack in eastern Canada from iNaturalist
Locality Canadan Provence Latitude, Longitude Date

Nord-du-Québec [western] Québec[2] 55.313497, -77.740279 17 Dec 2023
Division #9 Newfoundland 49.508106, -58.100078 10 Aug 2023
Division #8 Newfoundland 49.647044, -55.89312 30 Sep 2023
Conception Bay South Newfoundland 47.540997, -52.923103 22 Nov 2022
Miquelon-Langlade, 97500 St.-Pierre-et-Miquelon 47.008531, -56.369676 04 Aug 2023
Shediac Bay, Shediac New Brunswick 46.242046, -64.515045 30 Dec 2022
Cape Tormentine New Brunswick 46.133135, -63.786316 02 Sep 2022
Botsford New Brunswick 46.069295, -63.88328 29 Apr 2023
Cape Tormentine New Brunswick 46.133135, -63.786316 02 Sep 2022
Northumberland Strait, Botsford New Brunswick 46.158421, -63.845149 24 Apr 2020
Botsford Parish New Brunswick 46.158421, -63.845149 07 Sep 2023
Westmorland New Brunswick 46.18083, -64.023104 16 Aug 2022
Cap-Acadie New Brunswick 46.185409, -64.146832 05 Aug 2023
Beaubassin East New Brunswick 46.209107, -64.239117 14 Sep 2019
Gulf of St. Lawrence, Cap-Pelé New Brunswick 46.230492, -64.311913 07 Jun 2023
Parlee Beach Provincial Park New Brunswick 46.239777, -64.507456 14 Oct 2021
Shediac Bay, Shediac New Brunswick 46.242046, -64.515045 30 Dec 2022
East Parish Prince Edward Island 46.462414, -62.005273 08 Aug 2022
Souris Prince Edward Island 46.466389, -62.042778 12 Oct 2020
East Paris Prince Edward Island 46.468521, -62.056595 03 Aug 2022
Souris West Prince Edward Island 46.473555, -62.10343 30 Aug 2021
East Paris Prince Edward Island 46.389622, -62.087074 03 Aug 2023
Kings County Prince Edward Island 46.380149, -62.102625 17 Aug 2022
Kings County Prince Edward Island 46.376954, -62.108627 19 Sep 2019
Kings County Prince Edward Island 46.361492, -62.168556 10 Jul 2022
Souris Prince Edward Island 46.352678, -62.251683 19 Aug 2022
Souris Prince Edward Island 46.354687, -62.275162 26 Dec 2022
East Paris Prince Edward Island 46.349587, -62.325515 06 Sep 2023
Souris Prince Edward Island 46.354687, -62.275162 26 Dec 2020
Kings County Prince Edward Island 46.33838, -62.280733 26 Jul 2020
Gulf of St. Lawrence (GSL) Prince Edward Island 46.484405, -62.33889 15 Sep 2020
Souris West Prince Edward Island 46.470097, -62.441862 18 Jun 2021
Cable Head, Kings Prince Edward Island 46.467687, -62.582158 04 Aug 2018
Kings County Prince Edward Island 46.457516, -62.674167 29 Sep 2023
Greenwich Dunes Prince Edward Island 46.448556, -62.718444 07 Jun 2022
St. Patrick's Parish Prince Edward Island 46.441351, -62.764667 23 Aug 2022
Sally's Beach Provincial Park Prince Edward Island 46.261005, -62.378792 03 Sep 2023
Kings County Prince Edward Island 46.251011, -62.420744 13 Apr 2022
Gulf of St. Lawrence Prince Edward Island 46.207978, -62.414295 26 Jun 2022
Kings County Prince Edward Island 46.183723, -62.542603 07 Nov 2022
Kings County Prince Edward Island 46.141647, -62.467108 11 Aug 2020
Kings County Prince Edward Island 46.131672, -62.467638 24 Jun 2023
St. Andrew’s Parish Prince Edward Island 46.058814, -62.470495 13 Aug 2022
St. Andrew’s Parish Prince Edward Island 46.018897, -62.47328 12 Aug 2022
Georgetown Prince Edward Island 46.183723, -62.542603 07 Nov 2022
Georgetown Prince Edward Island 46.192651, -62.561816 18 Apr 2022
St. John’s Parish Prince Edward Island 45.95855, -62.706322 13 Aug 2022
St. John’s Parish (SJP) Prince Edward Island 45.963222, -62.7169 29 Jun 2023
Wood Islands Harbor, SJP Prince Edward Island 45.95192, -62.747487 15 Aug 2022
St. John’s Parish Prince Edward Island 45.949595, -62.749572 15 Aug 2022
Queens, GSL Prince Edward Island 46.038533, -62.931463 08 Aug 2020
Queens County Prince Edward Island 46.061662, -63.020142 19 Sep 2019
St. John’s Parish Prince Edward Island 46.051942, -63.039425 21 Dec 2022
Stratford Prince Edward Island 46.200268, -63.082607 29 Apr 2023
Hillsborough Bay, Stratford Prince Edward Island 46.194441, -63.062891 29 Apr 2022
Queens Prince Edward Island 46.149048, -63.315056 06 Sep 2022
Hillsboro Parish (HP) Prince Edward Island 46.169476, -63.383591 20 Aug 2022
Victoria Harbor, HP Prince Edward Island 46.196583, -63.466042 08 Aug 2021
Queens Prince Edward Island 46.21123, -63.490041 09 Jul 2022
PEI National Park of Canada Prince Edward Island 46.415267, -63.050622 16 Dec 2018
Gulf of St. Lawrence Prince Edward Island 46.41772, -63.075703 31 Jul 2019
Dalvay Beach, Charlotte Parish Prince Edward Island 46.422213, -63.10495 22 Aug 2023
Dalvay Beach, Charlotte Parish (CP) Prince Edward Island 46.424986 -63.119481 22 Aug 2022
North Atlantic Ocean, CP Prince Edward Island 46.43117; -63.143377 26 Aug 2022
PEI National Park of Canada Prince Edward Island 46.422492, -63.106178 09 Oct 2019
Lot 34 Prince Edward Island 46.403175, -63.127182 26 Dec 2020
Queens Prince Edward Island 46.430316, -63.195674 10 Sep 2022
Queens Prince Edward Island 46.440003, -63.258739 18 Jun 2022
Hunter River Prince Edward Island 46.460682, -63.295036 26 Jun 2022
Queens Prince Edward Island 46.475571, -63.30502 12 Apr 2022
Queens Prince Edward Island 46.499573, -63.368542 03 Aug 2023
Gulf of St. Lawrence, Queens Prince Edward Island 46.497313, -63.350388 03 Aug 2021
PEI National Park of Canada Prince Edward Island 46.502003, -63.406915 01 Jun 2021
GSL, St. David's Parish Prince Edward Island 46.562451, -63.637453 05 Aug 2023
St. David's Parish Prince Edward Island 46.560712, -63.700272 12 Aug 2023
Borden-Carleton Prince Edward Island 46.213028, -63.600392 26 Oct 2020
St. David's Parish Prince Edward Island 46.210112, -63.59085 16 Aug 2022
Borden-Carleton Prince Edward Island 46.256975, -63.701667 01 Jun 2022
Prince Prince Edward Island 46.295058, -63.742122 20 May 2023
Prince Prince Edward Island 46.302056, -63.747458 20 May 2023
Bouquet Cove, St. David's Parish Prince Edward Island 46.29977, -63.746297 20 May 2023
Summerside Prince Edward Island 46.394686, -63.799695 01 Apr 2023
Linkletter Prince Edward Island 46.394426, -63.82533 30 Apr 2023
Prince Prince Edward Island 46.478799, -64.108245 31 Jul 2022
St. Chrysostome, Prince Prince Edward Island 46.514072, -64.101253 09 Nov 2021
Prince Prince Edward Island 46.503629, -64.105874 04 Aug 2023
Prince Prince Edward Island 46.651097, -64.39293 00 May 2023

[2]New Geographic Localities not listed by Guiry (2022). [3]Known from eastern Québec
CP= Charlotte Parish; GSL=Gulf of St. Lawrence; HP=Hillsboro Parish; PEI=Prince Edward Island; SJP=St. John’s Parish;

Table 2. New Geographic Reports[2] of Bladderworth Wrack in eastern Canada from iNaturalist
Year Reports Percentage of Total

2018 2 2.3%
2019 5 5.7%
2020 9 10.3%
2021 7 8.0%
2022 38 43.7%
2023 26 29.9%

[2]New Reports not listed by Guiry (2022).

SIMILAR SPECIES: Serrated Wrack, Fucus serratus Linnaeus, 1753, lacks the air vesicles of Bladderworth Wrack, and has fronds with serrated edges. Spiral Wrack, Fucus spiralis Linnaeus, 1753, has spirally twisted fronds unlike Bladderworth Wrack. Knotty Wrack, Ascophyllum nodosum (Linnaeus, 1753) has egg-shaped instead of spherical air bladders unlike Bladderworth Wrack.
IMPORTANCE: We report 87 relatively recent New Geographic Records of Bladderworth Wrack from 5 eastern Canadian Provinces all north of the known range. This range extension may represent effects of Global Change.
OBSERVERS: Dr. Ernest H. Williams, Jr.,[4,5,7,8] and Dr. Lucy Bunkley-Williams[4,6,7,9]
REFERENCES:
<>Guiry, M. D. In: M. D. Guiry and G. M. Guiry. 2022. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. https://www.algaebase.org;
<>Williams, E. H., Jr., and L. Bunkley-Williams. 2023. Numerous New Geographic Records of Bladderworth Wrack, Fucus vesicolosus Linnaeus, in eastern Canada north of the known range. iNaturalist #???, 28 October 2023 (open access), ResearchGate [899].
FOOTNOTES:
[1]Identification was peer-reviewed, text edited and sometimes condensed. The original text is in our reprint #899 and ResearchBase. [2]New Geographic Localities according to Guiry (2022). [3]Known from eastern Québec. [4]Extraordinary Professors, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, South Africa; Adjunct Professors, Research Field Station, Florida Gulf Coast University, 5164 Bonita Beach Road, Bonita Springs, FL 34134; [5]Dept. Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico (retired); [6]Dept. Biology, UPR (retired); [7]920 St. Andrews Blvd, Naples, FL 34113-8943; [8]e-mail ermest.williams1@upr.edu; ORCID 0000-0003-0913-3013; [9]e-mail lucy.williams1@upr.edu, ORCID 0000-0003-1390-911x

Fuentes: : Átomo