Taxonomic notes: Section empty

This species is found as fragmented populations on the Atlantic slopes of the Sierra de Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz State and northern Oaxaca State, and it has been recently recorded in southeast Puebla, Mexico (Luría-Manzano et al. in press.); it is also found in eastern Honduras; central Costa Rica; and central Panama, from 95-2,000m asl. It has not been recorded from Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, nor Nicaragua.

This species occurs in lowland rainforests and montane humid forest where it breeds in tree holes. It can be found in caves in the region of La Pera, Chiapas (Roberto Luna pers. comm.). It is found in both intact forest, and, in at least Costa Rica and Panama, it can be common in young secondary growth forest and coffee plantations far from forest (Brian Kubiki, Branko Hilje and Sofía Rodríguez pers. comm. 2007), and in Mexico it can be found in intact forest, and in coffee and banana plantations (Luis Canseco and José Luis Aguilar-López pers. comm. 2014).

There is little information on the population status of this species. In Costa Rica, this has always been a rarely seen species, but its call can be heard regularly in the appropriate habitat. In Mexico, between 2005 and 2014 more than 20 specimens were observed in historical and new localities in Veracruz, Puebla, Oaxaca and Chiapas (Luría-Manzano et al. in press.). In Honduras, it is known only from two specimens. There are no recent data from Panama.

It can be use for domestic purposes (pet).

The most important threats to it are severe disturbance, clearance and transformation of its original habitat to open areas, arising from smallholder farming and subsistence wood collecting.

• 2.3.1 Nomadic grazing
• 2.1.1 Shifting agriculture
• 2.3.2 Small-holder grazing, ranching or farming
• 5.3.5 Motivation Unknown/Unrecorded
• 2.1.2 Small-holder farming
• 6.1 Recreational activities

It is protected in Los Tuxtlas and El Ocote Biosphere Reserve in Mexico, Parque Internacional La Amistad and the Reserva de la Biósfera Tawahka Asagni in Honduras. An ex-situ population of this species is breeding at the El Valle Amphibian Conservation Center in Panama (Edgardo Griffith pers. comm. September, 2007).  Development and implementation of species management plans, in addition to broad habitat management, is a necessary component for the successful conservation of amphibian species.

• 5.1.2 National level
• 5.4.2 National level
• 2.1 Site/area management
• 2.3 Habitat & natural process restoration
• 1.1 Site/area protection
• 1.2 Resource & habitat protection

Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, it occurs in a number of protected areas, has a tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.

• Duellman, W.E. 2001. The Hylid Frogs of Middle America. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Ithaca, New York, USA.
• Ibáñez, R., Solís, F., Jaramillo, C. and Rand, S. 2000. An overwiew of the herpetology of Panama. In: J.D. Johnson, R.G. Webb and O.A. Flores-Villela (eds), Mesoamerican Herpetology: Systematics, Zoogeography and Conservation, pp. 159-170. The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas.
• Lips, K.R., Mendelson III, J.R., Munoz-Alonso, A., Canseco-Marquez, L. and Mulcahy, D.G. 2004. Amphibian population declines in montane southern Mexico: resurveys of historical localities. Biological Conservation: 555-564.
• McCranie, J.R. and Wilson, L.D. 2002. The Amphibians of Honduras. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Ithaca, New York, USA.
• Savage, J.M. 2002. The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica: A Herpetofauna between two Continents, between two Seas. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
• Young, B., Sedaghatkish, G., Roca, E. and Fuenmayor, Q. 1999. El Estatus de la Conservación de la Herpetofauna de Panamá: Resumen del Primer Taller Internacional sobre la Herpetofauna de Panamá. The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia.